Corticosteroids Decrease the Incidence and Activity of Choroidal Neovascularization in Patients with Punctuate Inner Choroidopathy or Multifocal Choroiditis

References

• Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Classification criteria for punctate inner choroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;228:275–280. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.03.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaide RF, Goldberg N, Freund KB. Redefining multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis and punctate inner choroidopathy through multimodal imaging. Retina Phila Pa. 2013;33(7):1315–1324. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318286cc77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahnood D, Madhusudhan S, Tsaloumas MD, Waheed NK, Keane PA, Denniston AK. Punctate inner choroidopathy: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017;62(2):113–126. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstenblith AT, Thorne JE, Sobrin L, et al. Punctate inner choroidopathy: a survey analysis of 77 persons. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(6):1201–1204. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J, Folk JC, Reddy CV, Kimura AE. Visual prognosis of multifocal choroiditis, punctate inner choroidopathy, and the diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(7):1100–1105. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30561-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Lee SC, Park SJ, Lee CS. Punctate inner choroidopathy and choroidal neovascularization in Korean patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(1):14–19. doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1489060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel KH, Birnbaum AD, Tessler HH, Goldstein DA. Presentation and outcome of patients with punctate inner choroidopathy at a tertiary referral center. Retina Phila Pa. 2011;31(7):1387–1391. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182069a8f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zuo C, Li M, Chen H, Huang S, Wen F. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic findings at each stage of punctate inner choroidopathy. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(12):2678–2683. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amer R, Priel E, Kramer M. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomographic features of choroidal neovascular membranes in multifocal choroiditis and punctate inner choroidopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;253(6):949–957. doi:10.1007/s00417-015-2930-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego-Pinazo R, Hernández S, Dolz-Marco R. Key multimodal fundus imaging findings to recognize multifocal choroiditis in patients with pathological myopia. Front Med. 2022;8:831764. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.831764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreyer RF, Gass DJ. Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis. A syndrome that mimics ocular histoplasmosis. Arch Ophthalmol Chic IL 1960. 1984;102(12):1776–1784. doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040031440019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown J, Folk JC. Current controversies in the white dot syndromes. Multifocal choroiditis, punctate inner choroidopathy, and the diffuse subretinal fibrosis syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 1998;6(2):125–127. doi:10.1076/ocii.6.2.125.4052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watzke RC, Packer AJ, Folk JC, Benson WE, Burgess D, Ober RR. Punctate inner choroidopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98(5):572–584. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(84)90243-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SN, Chen YL, Yang BCL. Long-term outcome of zonal outer retinopathy in punctate inner choroidopathy or multifocal choroiditis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;29(5):865–870. doi:10.1080/09273948.2019.1698749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederer RL, Gilbert R, Lightman SL, Tomkins-Netzer O. Risk factors for developing choroidal neovascular membrane and visual loss in punctate inner choroidopathy. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(2):288–294. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orellana-Rios J, Leong BCS, Fernández-Avellaneda P, Gattoussi S, Freund KB, Yannuzzi LA. Late recurrence of choroidal neovascularization in patients with multifocal choroiditis: clinical surveillance in perpetuity. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2022;16(2):233–241. doi:10.1097/ICB.0000000000000936.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kedhar SR, Thorne JE, Wittenberg S, Dunn JP, Jabs DA. Multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis and punctate inner choroidopathy: comparison of clinical characteristics at presentation. Retina Phila Pa. 2007;27(9):1174–1179. doi:10.1097/IAE.0b013e318068de72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42(1):121–130. 10.2307/2531248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, Karakiulakis G, Perruchoud AP, Papakonstantinou E, Roth M. Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998; 341 (2–3): 309–315. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01464-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W, Li S, Xu H, et al. Treatment of punctate inner choroidopathy with choroidal neovascularization using corticosteroid and intravitreal ranibizumab. BioMed Res Int. 2018;2018:1585803. doi:10.1155/2018/1585803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohberger B, Rudolph M, Bergua A. Choroidal neovascularization associated with punctate inner choroidopathy: combination of intravitreal anti-VEGF and systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2015;6(3). doi:10.1159/000441694. 385–389
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsaousis KT, Nassr M, Kapoor B, Konidaris VE, Tyradellis S, Empeslidis T. Long-term results of intravitreal bevacizumab and dexamethasone for the treatment of punctate inner choroidopathy associated with choroidal neovascularization: a case series. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2018;6:2050313X18772478. doi:10.1177/2050313X18772478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar