1,782
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Reviews

Uveitis Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

, MDORCID Icon, , MD, PhDORCID Icon, , MD, PhDORCID Icon, , MD, PhD, , MD, PhD, , MD, PhD, , MD & , MD, PhD show all
Pages 1906-1914 | Received 26 Aug 2023, Accepted 27 Oct 2023, Published online: 15 Nov 2023

References

  • Edelsten C, Reddy MA, Stanford MR, Graham EM. Visual loss associated with pediatric uveitis in English primary and referral centers. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(5):676–680. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)02148-7.
  • de Boer J, Wulffraat N, Rothova Br AJ. Visual loss in uveitis of childhood. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(7):879–884. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.7.879.
  • Hettinga YM, de Groot-Mijnes JDF, Rothova A, de Boer JH. Infectious involvement in a tertiary center pediatric uveitis cohort. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(1):103–107. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305367.
  • Hayworth JL, Turk MA, Nevskaya T, Pope JE. The frequency of uveitis in patients with juvenile inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Joint Bone Spine. 2019;86(6):685–690. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2019.06.001.
  • Sen ES, Ramanan AV. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Clin Immunol. 2020;211:108322. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2019.108322.
  • van Straalen JW, Giancane G, Amazrhar Y, et al. A clinical prediction model for estimating the risk of developing uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology. 2021;60(6):2896–2905. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa733.
  • van Straalen JW, van Stigt Thans M, Wulffraat NM, de Roock S, Swart JF. A diagnostic prediction model for separating juvenile idiopathic arthritis and chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome. J Pediatr. 2022;251:164–171.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.04.029.
  • Tappeiner C, Klotsche J, Sengler C, et al. Risk factors and biomarkers for the occurrence of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(10):1685–1694. doi:10.1002/art.40544.
  • Heiligenhaus A, Niewerth M, Ganser G, Heinz C, Minden K. Prevalence and complications of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a population-based nation-wide study in Germany: suggested modification of the current screening guidelines. Rheumatology. 2007;46(6):1015–1019. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kem053.
  • Sen ES, Dick AD, Ramanan AV. Uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(6):338–348. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.20.
  • Vitale AT, Graham E, de Boer JH. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: clinical features and complications, risk factors for severe course, and visual outcome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21(6):478–485. doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.815785.
  • Clarke SLN, Sen ES, Ramanan AV. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2016;14(1):27. doi:10.1186/s12969-016-0088-2.
  • Chia A, Lee V, Graham EM, Edelsten C. Factors related to severe uveitis at diagnosis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a screening program. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(6):757–762. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00225-3.
  • Angeles‐Han ST, Ringold S, Beukelman T, et al. 2019 American college of rheumatology/arthritis foundation guideline for the screening, monitoring, and treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(6):703–716. doi:10.1002/acr.23871.
  • Haasnoot A-MJW, Kuiper JJW, de Boer JH. Predicting uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: from biomarkers to clinical practice. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019;15(6):657–666. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2019.1593139.
  • Vastert SJ, Bhat P, Goldstein DA. Pathophysiology of JIA-associated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;22(5):414–423. doi:10.3109/09273948.2014.926937.
  • Walscheid K, Neekamp L, Heiligenhaus A, et al. Increased circulating proinflammatory T lymphocytes in children with different forms of anterior uveitis: results from a pilot study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(5):788–797. doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1467464.
  • Walscheid K, Neekamp L, Heiligenhaus A, et al. Peripheral blood monocytes reveal an activated phenotype in pediatric uveitis. Clin Immunol. 2018;190:84–88. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.014.
  • Kalinina Ayuso V, van Dijk MR, de Boer JH. Infiltration of plasma cells in the iris of children with ANA-positive anterior uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(11):6770–6778. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17351.
  • Kalinina Ayuso V, Makhotkina N, van Tent-Hoeve M, et al. Pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis: the known and unknown. Surv Ophthalmol. 2014;59(5):517–531. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2014.03.002.
  • Heiligenhaus A, Miserocchi E, Heinz C, Gerloni V, Kotaniemi K. Treatment of severe uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(8):1390–1394. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker107.
  • Wennink RAW, Pandit A, Haasnoot A-MJW, et al. Whole transcriptome analysis reveals heterogeneity in B cell memory populations in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2170. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02170.
  • Wildschütz L, Ackermann D, Witten A, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of iris tissue and aqueous humor in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. J Autoimmun. 2019;100:75–83. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2019.03.004.
  • Haasnoot A-MJW, Schilham MW, Kamphuis S, et al. Identification of an amino acid motif in HLA – DR β1 that distinguishes uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(7):1155–1165. doi:10.1002/art.40484.
  • Angeles-Han ST, McCracken C, Yeh S, et al. HLA associations in a cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with and without uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(10):6043–6048. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17168.
  • Wennink RAW, de Boer JH, Hiddingh S, et al. Next-generation HLA sequence analysis uncovers shared risk alleles between clinically distinct forms of childhood uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(9):19. doi:10.1167/iovs.62.9.19.
  • Murray KJ, Szer W, Grom AA, et al. Antibodies to the 45 kDa DEK nuclear antigen in pauciarticular onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and iridocyclitis: selective association with MHC gene. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(3):560–567.
  • Neuteboom GH, Hertzberger-ten Cate R, de Jong J, van den Brink HG, Feltkamp TE. Antibodies to a 15 kD nuclear antigen in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis and uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:1657–1660.
  • Walscheid K, Hennig M, Heinz C, et al. Correlation between disease severity and presence of ocular autoantibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(6):3447–3453. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13444.
  • Walscheid K, Heiligenhaus A, Holzinger D, et al. Elevated S100A8/A9 and S100A12 serum levels reflect intraocular inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: results from a pilot study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(13):7653–7660. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17066.
  • van den Broek T, Hoppenreijs E, Meerding J, et al. Cytokine profiling at disease onset: support for classification of young antinuclear antibody-positive patients as a separate category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(2):470–472. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206424.
  • Haasnoot AJW, van Tent-Hoeve M, Wulffraat NM, et al. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as baseline predictor for the development of uveitis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159(2):372–7.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.11.007.
  • Bou R, Adán A, Borrás F, et al. Clinical management algorithm of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: interdisciplinary panel consensus. Rheumatol Int. 2015;35(5):777–785. doi:10.1007/s00296-015-3231-3.
  • Leverette TJ. Key terms for contracts with grocery firms. Hospitals (Lond). 1980;54:86–91.
  • Wennink RAW, Kalinina Ayuso V, Pameijer EM, et al. Improved clinical outcomes in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis in the last decade. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(7):781–787. doi:10.1111/aos.15097.
  • Giannini EH, Brewer EJ, Kuzmina N, et al. Methotrexate in Resistant Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(16):1043–1049. doi:10.1056/NEJM199204163261602.
  • Ruperto N, Murray KJ, Gerloni V, et al. A randomized trial of parenteral methotrexate comparing an intermediate dose with a higher dose in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis who failed to respond to standard doses of methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(7):2191–2201. doi:10.1002/art.20288.
  • Reiff A, Shaham B, Wood BP, et al. High dose methotrexate in the treatment of refractory juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13(1):113–118.
  • Shea B, Swinden MV, Ghogomu ET, et al. Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(6):1049–1060. doi:10.3899/jrheum.130738.
  • Simonini G, Paudyal P, Jones GT, Cimaz R, Macfarlane GJ. Current evidence of methotrexate efficacy in childhood chronic uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Rheumatology. 2013;52(5):825–831. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes186.
  • Ferrara G, Mastrangelo G, Barone P, et al. Methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: advice and recommendations from the MARAJIA expert consensus meeting. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2018;16(1):46. doi:10.1186/s12969-018-0255-8.
  • Doycheva D, Deuter C, Stuebiger N, Biester S, Zierhut M. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of uveitis in children. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(2):180–184. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.094698.
  • Goebel JC, Roesel M, Heinz C, et al. Azathioprine as a treatment option for uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(2):209–213. doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.173542.
  • Chen JL, Abiri P, Tsui E. Recent advances in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2021;13:2515841420984572. doi:10.1177/2515841420984572.
  • Quartier P, Baptiste A, Despert V, et al. ADJUVITE: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of adalimumab in early onset, chronic, juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated anterior uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(7):1003–1011. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212089.
  • Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Benton D, et al. A randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of adalimumab in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis (SYCAMORE trial). Trials. 2014;15(1):14. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-14.
  • Simonini G, Druce K, Cimaz R, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT. Current evidence of anti–tumor necrosis factor α treatment efficacy in childhood chronic uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis approach of individual drugs. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66(7):1073–1084. Preprint at. doi:10.1002/acr.22214.
  • Simonini G, Katie D, Cimaz R, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT. Does switching anti-TNFα biologic agents represent an effective option in childhood chronic uveitis: the evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2014;44(1):39–46. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.03.001.
  • Leinonen ST, Aalto K, Kotaniemi KM, Kivelä TT. Anti-adalimumab antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35:1043–1046.
  • Schmeling H. A combination of etanercept and methotrexate for the treatment of refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60(4):410–412. doi:10.1136/ard.60.4.410.
  • Kearsley-Fleet L, Baildam E, Beresford MW, et al. P091 Outcomes following switching from originator to biosimilar product in children and young people with JIA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(Supplement_2):285.2–285. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead104.132.
  • Iannone C, Marelli L, Costi S, et al. Tocilizumab in juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis, a narrative review. Children (Basel). 2023;10(3):434. doi:10.3390/children10030434.
  • Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Guly C, et al. Tocilizumab in patients with anti-TNF refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis (APTITUDE): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(3):e135–e141. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30008-4.
  • Li Y, Mao X, Tang X, Mao H. Efficacy and safety of anti-TNFα therapy for uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Ther. 2021;8(2):711–727. doi:10.1007/s40744-021-00296-x.
  • Heiligenhaus A, Klotsche J, Tappeiner C, et al. Predictive factors and biomarkers for the 2-year outcome of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: data from the Inception Cohort of Newly diagnosed patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (ICON-JIA) study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(6):975–986. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key406.
  • Rypdal V, Glerup M, Songstad NT, et al. Uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 18-year outcome in the population-based Nordic cohort study. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(4):598–608. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.024.
  • Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C, Edelsten C, Kotaniemi K, Minden K. Review for disease of the year: epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and its associated uveitis: the probable risk factors. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21(3):180–191. doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.791701.
  • Cann M, Ramanan AV, Crawford A, et al. Outcomes of non-infectious paediatric uveitis in the era of biologic therapy. Pediatr Rheumatol. 2018;16(1):51. doi:10.1186/s12969-018-0266-5.
  • Thorne JE, Woreta F, Kedhar SR, Dunn JP, Jabs DA. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis: incidence of ocular complications and visual acuity loss. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(5):840–846.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.01.033.
  • Thorne JE, Woreta FA, Dunn JP, Jabs DA. Risk of cataract development among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis treated with topical corticosteroids. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(7):1436–1441. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.003.
  • Haasnoot AMJW, Vernie LA, Rothova A, et al. Impact of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis in early adulthood. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164312.
  • Paroli MP, Speranza S, Marino M, Pirraglia MP, Pivetti-Pezzi P. Prognosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-associated uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003;13(7):616–621. doi:10.1177/112067210301300704.
  • Woreta F, Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Kedhar SR, Dunn JP. Risk factors for ocular complications and poor visual acuity at presentation among patients with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(4):647–655.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.11.025.
  • Edelsten C, Lee V, Bentley CR, Kanski JJ, Graham EM. An evaluation of baseline risk factors predicting severity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis and other chronic anterior uveitis in early childhood. British J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(1):51–56. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.1.51.
  • Zulian F, Martini G, Falcini F, et al. Early predictors of severe course of uveitis in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(11):2446–2453.
  • Kalinina Ayuso V, ten Cate HAT, van der Does P, Rothova A, de Boer JH. Male gender as a risk factor for complications in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149(6):994–999.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.016.
  • Holland GN, Denove CS, Yu F. Chronic anterior uveitis in children: clinical characteristics and complications. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(4):667–678.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.11.009.
  • Sabri K, Saurenmann RK, Silverman ED, Levin AV. Course, complications, and outcome of juvenile arthritis–related uveitis. J Aapos. 2008;12(6):539–545. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.03.007.
  • Chen CS, Roberton D, Hammerton ME. Juvenile arthritis-associated uveitis: visual outcomes and prognosis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2004;39(6):614–620. doi:10.1016/S0008-4182(04)80026-7.
  • BenEzra D, Cohen E, Behar-Cohen F. Uveitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a cohort study. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1:513–518.
  • Gregory AC, Kempen JH, Daniel E, et al. Risk factors for loss of visual acuity among patients with uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the systemic immunosuppressive therapy for eye diseases study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(1):186–192. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.07.052.
  • Orès R, Terrada C, Errera M-H, et al. Laser flare photometry: a useful tool for monitoring patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2022;30(1):118–128. doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1792511.
  • Davis JL, Dacanay LM, Holland GN, et al. Laser flare photometry and complications of chronic uveitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135(6):763–771. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00315-5.
  • Sijssens KM, Rothova A, Van De Vijver DAMC, Stilma JS, De Boer JH. Risk factors for the development of cataract requiring surgery in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(4):574–579.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.06.030.
  • Magli A, Forte R, Rombetto L, Alessio M. Cataract management in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: simultaneous versus secondary intraocular lens implantation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;22(2):133–137. doi:10.3109/09273948.2013.834062.
  • Foster CS, Rashid S. Management of coincident cataract and uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2003;14(1):1–6. doi:10.1097/00055735-200302000-00001.
  • Bohnsack BL, Freedman SF. Surgical outcomes in childhood uveitic glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155(1):134–142. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.07.008.
  • Sijssens KM, Los LI, Rothova A, et al. Long-term ocular complications in aphakic versus pseudophakic eyes of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. British J Ophthalmol. 2010;94(9):1145–1149. doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.167379.
  • Yangzes S, Seth N, Singh R, et al. Long-term outcomes of cataract surgery in children with uveitis. Indian, J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(4):490–495. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_846_18.
  • Mehta S, Linton MM, Kempen JH. Outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with uveitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(4):676–692.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.06.018.
  • Sijssens KM, Rothova A, Berendschot TTJM, de Boer JH. Ocular hypertension and secondary glaucoma in children with uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(5):853–859.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.01.043.
  • Kouwenberg CV, Wennink RAW, Shahabi M, et al. Clinical course and outcome in pediatric idiopathic chronic anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2022;241:198–205. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2022.04.015.
  • Kaur S, Kaushik S, Singh Pandav S. Pediatric uveitic glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract. 2013;7(3):115–117. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1147.
  • van Meerwijk CLLI, Wieringa WG, de Boer JH, Jansonius NM, Los LI. Factors associated with glaucoma surgery in pediatric non-infectious uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023;1–6. doi:10.1080/09273948.2023.2166849.
  • Flemmons MS, Hsiao Y-C, Dzau J, et al. Icare rebound tonometry in children with known and suspected glaucoma. J Aapos. 2011;15(2):153–157. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.11.022.
  • Gautam Seth N, Yangzes S, Thattaruthody F, Singh R, Bansal R, Raj S, Kaushik S, Gupta V, Pandav SS, Ram J, Gupta A. Glaucoma secondary to uveitis in children in a tertiary care referral center. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(3):456–464. doi:10.1080/09273948.2017.1411517. Epub 2018 Feb 2. PMID: 29394120.
  • Merayo-Lloves J, Power WJ, Rodriguez A, Pedroza-Seres M, Stephen Foster C. Secondary glaucoma in patients with uveitis. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213(5):300–304. doi:10.1159/000027443.
  • Heinz C, Koch JM, Zurek-Imhoff B, Heiligenhaus A. Prevalence of uveitic secondary glaucoma and success of nonsurgical treatment in adults and children in a tertiary referral center. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(4):243–248. doi:10.1080/09273940902913035.
  • Iannucci V, Manni P, Mecarelli G, et al. Childhood uveitic glaucoma: complex management in a fragile population. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(4):2205. doi:10.3390/app13042205.
  • Meerwijk CLLIV, Edema AB, Rijn LJV, Los LI, Jansonius NM. Goniotomy for non-infectious uveitic glaucoma in children. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):2200. doi:10.3390/jcm12062200.
  • Zhou M, Wang W, Huang W, Chen S. A nonrandomized controlled study of inflammatory response between uveitic glaucoma and other refractory glaucoma following Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. Zhonghua Shiyan Yanke Zazhi/Chin J Exp Ophthalmol. 2015;33:241–245.
  • Kalinina Ayuso V, Scheerlinck LM, de Boer JH. The effect of an Ahmed glaucoma valve implant on corneal endothelial cell density in children with glaucoma secondary to uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;155(3):530–535. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.09.001.
  • Wiese K, Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C. Trabekulektomie bei juveniler idiopathischer Arthritis-assoziierter Uveitis: Langzeitergebnisse beim kindlichen Sekundärglaukom. Ophthalmologe. 2014;111(4):330–338. doi:10.1007/s00347-013-2888-9.
  • Heinz C, Koch JM, Heiligenhaus A. Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation as primary surgical treatment for secondary glaucoma in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: high failure rate after short term follow up. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(6):737–740. Preprint at doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.085936.
  • Tugal-Tutkun I. Pediatric uveitis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2011;6:259–269.
  • Ferrara M, Eggenschwiler L, Stephenson A, et al. The challenge of pediatric uveitis: tertiary referral center experience in the United States. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019;27(3):410–417. doi:10.1080/09273948.2017.1420202.
  • Heiligenhaus A, Klotsche J, Niewerth M, et al. Similarities in clinical course and outcome between juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated and ANA-positive idiopathic anterior uveitis: data from a population-based nationwide study in Germany. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):81. doi:10.1186/s13075-020-02166-3.
  • Heiligenhaus A, Minden K, Tappeiner C, et al. Update of the evidence based, interdisciplinary guideline for anti-inflammatory treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49(1):43–55. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.11.004.
  • Angeles‐Han ST, Lo MS, Henderson LA, et al. Childhood arthritis and rheumatology research alliance consensus treatment plans for juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated and idiopathic chronic anterior uveitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(4):482–491. doi:10.1002/acr.23610.
  • Foeldvari I, Maccora I, Petrushkin H, et al. New and updated recommendations for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis and idiopathic chronic anterior uveitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023;75(5):975–982. doi:10.1002/acr.24963.
  • Solebo AL, Rahi JS, Dick AD, et al. Areas of agreement in the management of childhood non-infectious chronic anterior uveitis in the UK. British J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(1):11–16. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313789.
  • Haasnoot A-MJW, Kuiper JJW, Hiddingh S, et al. Ocular fluid analysis in children reveals interleukin-29/Interferon-λ1 as a biomarker for juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(7):1769–1779. doi:10.1002/art.39621.
  • Kalinina Ayuso V, de Boer JH, Byers HL, et al. Intraocular biomarker identification in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(5):3709–3720. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10865.
  • Angeles-Han ST, Yeh S, Patel P, et al. Discovery of tear biomarkers in children with chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis: a pilot study. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2018;8(1):17. doi:10.1186/s12348-018-0156-5.
  • Ramanan AV, Dick AD, Jones AP, et al. Adalimumab plus methotrexate for uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(17):1637–1646. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614160.