References
- Weih L, Van Newkirk MR, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Age-specific causes of bilateral visual impairment. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000; 118:264–269.
- Attebo K, Mitchell P, Smith W Visual acuity and the causes of visual loss in Australia. Ophthalmology. '996;103:357–364.
- Williams R, Brody BL, Thomas RG, et al. The psychosocial impact of macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:514–520.
- Brown GC, Sharma S, Brown MM, Kistler J. Utility values and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000; 118:47–51.
- Vingerling J, Klaver CCW, Hofman A, De Jong PTVM. Epidemiology of age-related maculopathy. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17:347–360.
- Mitchell P, Chapman S, Smith W. Smoking is a major cause of blindness. Med J Aust. 1999;171: 173–174.
- Snow KK, Seddon JM. Do age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents? Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999;6:125-143.
- Sperduto RD, Hiller R. Systemic hypertension and age-related maculopathy in the Framingham Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1986;104: 216–219.
- Goldberg J, Flowerdew G, Smith E, et al. Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. An analysis of data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128:700–710.
- Chaine G, Hullo A, Sahel J, et al. Case-control study of the risk factors for age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82:996–1002.
- Hyman L, Schachat AP, He Q, Leske MC. Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;117: 351–358.
- Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110: 1701–1708.
- Klein R, Klein BEK, Franke T. The relationship of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors to age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:406–414.
- Hirvela H, Luukinen H, Laara E, et al. Risk factors of age-related maculopathy in a population 70 years of age or older. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:871–877.
- Klein R, Klein BEK, Jensen SC. The relation of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors to the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1997;1o4: 1804–1812.
- Vingerling JR, Dielemans I, Bots ML, et al. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with atherosclerosis. The Rotterdam Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:404–409.
- Livingston PM, Carson CA, Stanislavsky YL, et al. Methods for a population-based study of eye disease: the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1994;1:139–148.
- Garrett SKM, McNeil J, Silagy C, et al. Methodology of the VECAT Study: Vitamin E intervention in cataract and age-related maculopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999;6:195–208.
- International ARM Epidemiological Study Group. An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;39:367–374.
- Ireland P, Jolley D, Giles G, et al. Development of the Melbourne FFQ: a food frequency questionnaire for use in an Australian prospective study involving an ethnically diverse cohort. Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr. 1994;3:19–31.
- Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. SF-12: How to score the SF-12 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales. 3rd ed. Lincoln, Rhode Island: Quality Metric Incorporated; 1998.
- Raven JC, Court JH, Raven J. Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. London: H.K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., 1986.
- Steinberg EP, Tielsch JM, Schein OD, et al. The VF-14. An index of functional impairment in patients with cataract. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:63o–638.
- Bailey IL, Lovie JE. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Optics. 1976;53:740–745.
- Ferris FL III, Kassoff A, Bresnick GH, Bailey I. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94:91–96.
- Tikellis G, Robman L, McCarty CA, et al. The VECAT Study: Methodology & statistical power for measurement of age-related macular features. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1999;6:181–194.
- Robman LD, Tikellis G, Garrett SKM, et al. Baseline ophthalmic finding in the VECAT Study. Austr NZ J Ophthalmol. 1999;27: 410–416.
- Taylor HR, West S. A simple system for the clinical grading of lens opacities. Lens Res. 1988;5: 175–181.
- Bailey IL, Bullimore MA, Raasch TW, Taylor HR. Clinical grading and the effects of scaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32: 422–432.
- Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, et al. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1986;74:1399–1406.
- Lehmann E. Pulse wave velocity as a marker of vascular disease. Lancet. 1996;348:744.
- Vinding T, Appleyard M, Nyboe J, et al. Risk factor analysis for atrophic and exudative age-related macular degeneration. An epidemiological study of moo aged individuals. Acta Ophthalmol. 1992;70:66–72.
- Smith W, Mitchell P, Leeder SR, Wang JJ. Plasma fibrinogen levels, other cardiovascular risk factors, and age-related maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:583–587.
- Delcourt C, Diaz JL, Ponton-Sanchez A, Papoz L. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration. The POLA Study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:1031–1035.
- Klein R, Clegg L, Cooper LS, et al. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:1203–1210.
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. A case-control study in the age-related eye disease study: age-related eye disease study report number 3. Ophthalmology. 2000;107: 2224–2232.
- McCarty CA, Mukesh BN, Fu CL, et al. Risk factors for age-related maculopathy: the Visual Impairment Project. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:1455–1462.
- Delcourt C, Michel F, Colvez A, et al. Associations of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors with age-related macular degeneration: the POLA study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2001;8:237–249.
- Smith W, Assink J, Klein R, et al. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: Pooled findings from three continents. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:697–704.
- Klein R, Klein BEK, Marino EK, et al. Early age-related maculopathy in the cardiovascular health study. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:25–33.
- Klein R, Klein BEK, Tomany SC, Cruickshanks KJ. The association of cardiovascular disease with the long-term incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2003; 10: 1273–1280.