Childhood Blindness in a Rural Population of Southern India: Prevalence and Etiology

REFERENCES

• WHO. Preventing blindness in children. World Health Organization, Geneva 2000, Report of WHO/IAPB scientific meeting, WHO/PBL/0.77
   Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Gilbert C E, Rahi J S, et al. Planning to reduce childhood blindness in India. Indian J Ophthalmol 1998; 46: 117–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinkuller P G, Du L, Gilbert C, et al. Childhood blindness. J AAPOS 1999; 3: 26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagaratnam J, Sharma T K, Lim C S, et al. A survey of visual impairment in children attending the Royal Blind School, Edinburgh using the WHO childhood visual impairment database. Eye 2002; 16: 557–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan D S, Lai T Y, Cheung E Y, et al. Causes of childhood blindness in a school for the visually impaired in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2005; 11: 85–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kello A B, Gilbert C. Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in schools for the blind in Ethiopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 526–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitorus R, Preising M, Lorenz B. Causes of blindness at the “Wiyata Guna” School for the Blind, Indonesia. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 1065–1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy S C, Tan B C. Causes of childhood blindness in Malaysia: results from a national study of blind school students. Int Ophthalmol 2001; 24: 53–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hornby S J, Xiao Y, Gilbert C E, et al. Causes of childhood blindness in the People's Republic of China: Results from 1131 blind school students in 18 provinces. Br J Ophthalmol 1999; 83: 929–932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornby S J, Adolph S, Gothwal V K, et al. Evaluation of children in six blind schools of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000; 48: 195–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Titiyal J S, Pal N, Murthy G V, et al. Causes and temporal trends of blindness and severe visual impairment in children in schools for the blind in North India. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 941–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahi J S, Sripathi S, Gilbert C E, et al. Childhood blindness in India: Causes in 1318 blind school students in nine states. Eye 1995; 9: 545–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blohme J, Tornqvist K. Visually impaired Swedish children. The 1980 cohort study—Aspects on mortality. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000; 78: 560–565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudanko S L, Fellman V, Laatikainen L. Visual impairment in children born prematurely from 1972 through 1989. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 1639–1645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudanko S L, Laatikainen L. Visual impairment in children born at full term from 1972 through 1989 in Finland. Ophthalmology 2004; 111: 2307–2312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cetin E, Yaman A, Berk A T. Etiology of childhood blindness in Izmir, Turkey. Eur J Ophthalmol 2004; 14: 531–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flanagan N M, Jackson A J, Hill A E. Visual impairment in childhood: Insights from a community-based survey. Child Care Health Dev 2003; 29: 493–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahi J S, Cable N. British Childhood Visual Impairment Study Group. Severe visual impairment and blindness in children in the UK. Lancet 2003; 362: 1359–1365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbara F K, El-Sheikh H F, Shawaf S S. Pattern of childhood blindness at a referral center in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 2005; 25: 18–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hereditary disease as a cause of childhood blindness: Regional variation. Results of blind school studies undertaken in countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa. Ophthalmic Genet 1995; 16: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Williams J D, Williams B C, et al. Population-based assessment of childhood blindness in southern India. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 545–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandona R, Dandona L. Childhood blindness in India: a population based perspective. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87: 263–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thulasiraj R D, Nirmalan P K, Ramakrishnan R, et al. Blindness and vision impairment in a rural south Indian population: The Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey. Ophthalmol 2003; 110(8)1491–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WHO. International statistical classification of dseases and related health problems: Tenth revision. WHO, Geneva 1992; 456–457
   Google Scholar
• Wright W. Kenneth, Peter H. Spiegel. Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 2nd edition. Springer, Los Angeles 2002; 210–1112
   Google Scholar
• Rahi J S, Sripathi S, Gilbert C E, et al. Childhood blindness due to vitamin A deficiency in India: Regional variations. Arch Dis Child 1995; 72: 330–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert C E, Foster A. Epidemiology of childhood blindness. Paedriatric ophthalmology, 2nd edition, D Taylor. Blackwell Science, Oxford 1997; 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Kalikivayi V, Naduvilath T J, Bansal A K, et al. Visual impairment in school children in southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 1997; 45: 129–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peyman G A, Sanders D R, Goldberg H F. Principles and practices of ophthalmology, 1st edition. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi 1987; 1780–1810, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Abrahmsons J H. An introduction to epidemiological studies: Survey methods in community medicine, 15th ed. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh 1979; 1–218
   Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO coding instructions for WHO/ PBL eye examination record for children with blindness and low vision. WHO, Geneva
   Google Scholar
• Rosner J, Rosner J. Measurement of visual acuity in children, Paediatric optometry, 2nd ed. Butterworth, Stoneham, UK 1990; 45–77
   Google Scholar
• Rosner B. Fundamentals of biostatistics, 5th ed. Thomson Learning, Pacific Grove, CA 2000; 106: 194–97
   Google Scholar
• Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, et al. Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42: 908–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert C E, Rahi J, Eckstein M, et al. Retinopathy of prematurity in middle-income countries. Lancet 1997; 350: 12–14, [Medline]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt C S, Good W V. The many challenges of childhood blindness (editorial). Arch Dis Child 2001; 85: 452–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thylefors B, Negrel A D, Pararajasegaram R, et al. Global data on blindness. Bull World Health Organ 1995; 73: 115–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose R, Bachani D. World Bank-assisted cataract blindness control project. Indian J Ophthalmol 1995; 43: 35–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert C E, Canovas R, Hagan M, et al. Causes of childhood blindness: Results from West Africa, south India and Chile. Eye 1993; 7: 184–8, (Pt 1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahi J S, Sripathi S, Gilbert C E, et al. The importance of prenatal factors in childhood blindness in India. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997; 39: 449–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers N K, Gilbert C E, Foster A, et al. Childhood blindness in Uzbekistan. Eye 1999; 13: 65–70, (Pt 1)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumaramanickavel G, Joseph B, Vidhya A, et al. Consanguinity and ocular genetic disease in South India: Analysis of a five-year study. Commun Genet 2002; 5: 182–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panicker S G, Reddy A BM, Mandal A K, et al. Identification of novel mutations causing familial primary congenital glaucoma in Indian pedigrees. Invest Ophthal Vis Sci 2002; 43: 1358–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornby S J, Dandona L, Foster A, et al. Clinical findings, consanguinity and pedigrees in children with anonphtalmos in southern India. Dev Med Child Neurol 2001; 43: 392–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katsumi O, Chedid S G, Kronheim J K, et al. Correlating preferential looking visual acuity and visual behavior in severely visually handicapped children. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995; 73(5)407–413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar