References
- Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ. Cornea. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2011.
- Ang M, Li X, Wong W, et al. Prevalence of and racial differences in pterygium: a multiethnic population study in Asians. Ophthalmology 2012;119:1509–1515. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.009.
- Chen T, Ding L, Shan G, Ke L, Ma J, Zhong Y. Prevalence and racial differences in pterygium: a cross-sectional study in Han and Uygur adults in Xinjiang, China. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:1109–1117. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15994.
- Detorakis ET, Drakonaki EE, Spandidos DA. Molecular genetic alterations and viral presence in ophthalmic pterygium. Int J Mol Med. 2000;6:35–41.
- Chalkia AK, Spandidos DA, Detorakis ET. Viral involvement in the pathogenesis and clinical features of ophthalmic pterygium (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2013;32:539–543. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1438.
- Di Girolamo N. Association of human papilloma virus with pterygia and ocular-surface squamous neoplasia. Eye 2012;26:202–211. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.312.
- Takamura Y, Kubo E, Tsuzuki S, Akagi Y. Detection of human papillomavirus in pterygium and conjunctival papilloma by hybrid capture II and PCR assays. Eye 2008;22:1442–1445. doi:10.1038/eye.2008.176.
- Chen KH, Hsu WM, Cheng CC, Li YS. Lack of human papillomavirus in pterygium of Chinese patients from Taiwan. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:1046–1048. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.8.1046.
- Tsai YY, Chang CC, Chiang CC, et al. HPV infection and p53 inactivation in pterygium. Mol Vis. 2009;15:1092–1097.
- Hsiao CH, Lee BH, Ngan KW, et al. Presence of human papillomavirus in pterygium in Taiwan. Cornea 2010;29:123–127. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181afdb06.
- Chong PP, Tung CH, Rahman NA, et al. Prevalence and viral load of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) in pterygia in multi-ethnic patients in the Malay Peninsula. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92:e569–579. doi:10.1111/aos.12427.
- Bauer HM, Ting Y, Geer CE, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection in female university students as determined by PCR-based method. JAMA. 1991;265:472–477. doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460040048027.
- Snijders PJ, Schulten EA, Mullink H, et al. Detection of human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA sequences in oral mucosa of HIV-infected patients by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Pathol. 1990;137:659–666.
- Chalkia AK, Derdas S, Bontzos G, Sourvinos G, Detorakis ET. Non-invasive detection of HPV DNA in exfoliative samples from ophthalmic pterygium: a feasibility study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256:193–198. doi:10.1007/s00417-017-3840-5.
- Gallagher MJ, Giannoudis A, Herrington CS, Hiscott P. Human papillomavirus in pterygium. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:782–784. doi:10.1136/bjo.85.7.782.
- Detorakis ET, Sourvinos G, Spandidos DA. Detection of herpes simplex virus and human papilloma virus in ophthalmic pterygium. Cornea 2001;20:164–167. doi:10.1097/00003226-200103000-00010.
- Piras F, Moore PS, Ugalde J, Perra MT, Scarpa A, Sirigu P. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in pterygia from different geographical regions. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87:864–866. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.7.864.
- Sjö NC, Von Buchwald C, Prause JU, Norrild B, Vinding T, Heegaard S. Human papillomavirus and pterygium. Is the virus a risk factor? Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1016–1018. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.108829.
- Piecyk-Sidor M, Polz-Dacewicz M, Zagorski Z, Zarnowski T. Occurrence of human papillomavirus in pterygia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87:890–895. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01372.x.
- Griffin H, Mudhar HS, Rundle P, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 causes a defined subset of conjunctival in situ squamous cell carcinomas. Mod Pathol. 2020;33:74–90. doi:10.1038/s41379-019-0350-5.