Prevalence and Risk Factors of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in South Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

References

• Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e1221–e34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SJ, Lee JH, Woo SJ, et al. Age-related macular degeneration: prevalence and risk factors from Korean national health and nutrition examination survey, 2008 through 2011. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:1756–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakata I, Yamashiro K, Nakanishi H, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of age-related macular degeneration in the Japanese population: the Nagahama study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013;156:1002–9 e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KLP. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver dam eye study. Ophthalmology. 2020;127:S122–S32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein DB, Wittenborn JS, Burke-Conte Z, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US in 2019. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(12):1202–8. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen CG, Jarrar Z, Wormald R, Cook DG, Fletcher AE, Rudnicka AR. The estimated prevalence and incidence of late stage age related macular degeneration in the UK. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(5):752–6. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-301109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong WL, Su X, Li X, et al. Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(2):e106–16. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70145-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Kim JH, Kim JW, Kim CG, Lee DW. Difference in treatment burden of neovascular age-related macular degeneration among different types of neovascularization. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2021;259(7):1821–30. doi:10.1007/s00417-020-05028-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GC, Brown MM, Rapuano SB, Boyer D. A cost-benefit analysis of VEGF-Inhibitor therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;223:405–29. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2020.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao DS, Grossi FV, El Mehdi D, et al. Complement C3 inhibitor pegcetacoplan for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized phase 2 trial. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(2):186–95. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.07.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe GJ, Westby K, Csaky KG, et al. C5 inhibitor avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy due to age-related macular degeneration: a randomized pivotal phase 2/3 trial. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(4):576–86. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.08.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris FL 3rd, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, et al. Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):844–51. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, et al. Long-term outcomes of adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 fatty acids to the AREDS supplements on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report 28. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140:692–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, et al. Long-term effects of vitamins C and E, β-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 35. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:1604–11.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho BJ, Heo JW, Kim TW, Ahn J, Chung H. Prevalence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration in Korea: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2010–2011. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:1101–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon KC, Choi W, Lee HS, et al. An overview of ophthalmologic survey methodology in the 2008–2015 Korean national health and nutrition examination surveys. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(6):359–67. doi:10.3341/kjo.2015.29.6.359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song SJ, Choi KS, Han JC, et al. Methodology and rationale for ophthalmic examinations in the seventh and eighth Korea national health and nutrition examination surveys (2017–2021). Korean J Ophthalmol. 2021;35:295–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kweon S, Kim Y, Jang MJ, et al. Data resource profile: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):69–77. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y. The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES): current status and challenges. Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014002. doi:10.4178/epih/e2014002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al. An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The international ARM epidemiological study group. Surv Ophthalmol. 1995;39:367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xu L, Jonas JB, Yang H, Ma Y, Li J. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the adult population in China: the Beijing eye study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142:788–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaide RF. Disease expression in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration varies with choroidal THICKNESS. Retina. 2018;38(4):708–16. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000001689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith W, Assink J, Klein R, et al. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: pooled findings from three continents. Ophthalmology. 2001;108(4):697–704. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00580-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midena E, Frizziero L, Torresin T, Boscolo Todaro P, Miglionico G, Pilotto E. Optical coherence tomography and color fundus photography in the screening of age-related macular degeneration: a comparative, population-based study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0237352. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio CA. Soft drusen in age-related macular degeneration: biology and targeting via the oil spill strategies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(4):Amd160–amd81. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24882.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman NA, Jacobs RJ, Braakhuis AJ. Role of diet and food intake in age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;47(1):106–27. doi:10.1111/ceo.13343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kweon S, Park JY, Park M, et al. Trends in food and nutrient intake over 20 years: findings from the 1998-2018 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021027. doi:10.4178/epih.e2021027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan FA, Hanrahan BW. The effects of technological advances on outcomes for elderly persons with exudative age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(4):456–63. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies M, Arnold J, Bhandari S, et al. Ten-year treatment outcomes of neovascular age-related macular degeneration from two regions. Am J Ophthalmol. 2020;210:116–24. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2019.10.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek SK, Kim JH, Kim JW, Kim CG. Increase in the population of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who underwent long-term active treatment. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):13264. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49749-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holz FG, Strauss EC, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, van Lookeren Campagne M. Geographic atrophy: clinical features and potential therapeutic approaches. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):1079–91. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colijn JM, Liefers B, Joachim N, et al. Enlargement of geographic atrophy from first diagnosis to end of life. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021;139(7):743–50. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrity ST, Sarraf D, Freund KB, Sadda SR. Multimodal imaging of nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59(4):AMD48–AMD64. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan JS, Mitchell P, Smith W, Wang JJ. Cardiovascular risk factors and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the blue mountains eye study. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1143–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonasson F, Fisher DE, Eiriksdottir G, et al. Five-year incidence, progression, and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: the age, gene/environment susceptibility study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(9):1766–72. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cackett P, Tay WT, Aung T, et al. Education, socio-economic status and age-related macular degeneration in Asians: the Singapore Malay eye study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(10):1312–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.136077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarthy U, Wong TY, Fletcher A, et al. Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol. 2010;10(1):31. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-10-31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel E, Pan W, Ying GS, et al. Development and course of scars in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials. Ophthalmology. 2018;125(7):1037–46. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JK, Lym YL, Moon JW, Shin HJ, Cho B. Diabetes mellitus and early age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:196–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng Q, Saaddine JB, Klein R, Chou CF, Il’yasova D. Early age-related macular degeneration with cardiovascular and renal comorbidities: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2005–2008. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24:413–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang S, Kang SW, Kim SJ, Lee KN, Han K, Lim DH. Diabetes-related risk factors for exudative age-related macular degeneration: a nationwide cohort study of a diabetic population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2023;64(10):10. doi:10.1167/iovs.64.10.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson MD, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in 4 racial/ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar