The association among circadian rhythm, circadian genes and chrononutrition, its effect on obesity: a review of current evidence

References

• Adafer R, Messaadi W, Meddahi M, Patey A, Haderbache A, Bayen S, Messaadi N. 2020. Food timing, circadian rhythm and chrononutrition: a systematic review of time-restricted eating’s effects on human health. Nutrients. 12(12):3770. doi:10.3390/nu12123770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Abdi T, Andreou E, Papageorgiou A, Heraclides A, Philippou E. 2020. Personality, chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic Health: a narrative review of the evidence. Adv Nutr. 11(5):1201–1210. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almoosawi S, Vingeliene S, Gachon F, Voortman T, Palla L, Johnston JD, Van Dam R, Darimont C, Karagounis LG. 2019. Chronotype: implications for epidemiologic studies on chrono-nutrition and cardiometabolic health. Adv Nutr. 10(1):30–42. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparicio S, Garau C, Esteban S, Nicolau MC, Rivero M, Rial RV. 2007. Chrononutrition: use of dissociated day/night infant milk formulas to improve the development of the wake–sleep rhythms. Effects of tryptophan. Nutr Neurosci. 10(3–4):137–143. doi:10.1080/10284150701455916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arble DM, Bass J, Laposky AD, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW. 2009. Circadian timing of food intake contributes to weight gain. Obesity. 17(11):2100–2102. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arola-Arnal A, Á C-C, Torres-Fuentes C, Ávila-Román J, Aragonès G, Mulero M, Bravo FI, Muguerza B, Arola L, Suárez M. 2019. Chrononutrition and polyphenols: roles and diseases. Nutrients. 11(11):2602. doi:10.3390/nu11112602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora T, Taheri S. 2015. Associations among late chronotype, body mass index and dietary behaviors in young adolescents. Int J Obes. 39(1):39–44. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher G, Sassone-Corsi P. 2015. Time for food: the intimate interplay between nutrition, metabolism, and the circadian clock. Cell. 161(1):84–92. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astiz M, Heyde I, Oster H. 2019. Mechanisms of communication in the mammalian circadian timing system. Int J Mol Sci. 20(2):343. doi:10.3390/ijms20020343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ávila-Román J, Soliz-Rueda JR, Bravo FI, Aragonès G, Suárez M, Arola-Arnal A, Mulero M, Maria-Josepa S, Arola L, Torres-Fuentes C, et al. 2021. Phenolic compounds and biological rhythms: who takes the lead? Trends in Food Sci Technol. 11377–85: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bae SA, Fang MZ, Rustgi V, Zarbl H, Androulakis IP. 2019. At the interface of lifestyle, behavior, and circadian rhythms: metabolic implications. Front Nutr. 6:132. doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandín C, Martinez-Nicolas A, Ordovás J, Lucas JR, Castel P, Silvente T, Madrid JA, Garaulet M. 2013. Differences in circadian rhythmicity in CLOCK 3111T/C genetic variants in moderate obese women as assessed by thermometry, actimetry and body position. Int J Obes. 37(8):1044–1050. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandin C, Scheer F, Luque A, Avila-Gandia V, Zamora S, Madrid J, Gómez-Abellán P, Garaulet M. 2015. Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: a randomized, crossover trial. Int J Obes. 39(5):828–833. May. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee A, Chakraborty P, and Bandopadhyay R. 2021. Molecular mechanism controlling the circadian rhythm: nobel prize winning research in physiology or medicine’ 17 National Academy Science Letters. 44: 81–83. doi:10.1007/s40009-019-00856-4.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict C, LEM B, Merikanto I, Partinen M, Bjorvatn B, Cedernaes J. 2021. Meal and sleep timing before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional anonymous survey study from Sweden. Clocks & Sleep. 3(2):251–258. doi:10.3390/clockssleep3020015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berendsen M, Boss M, Smits M, Pot GK. 2020. Chrono-nutrition and diet quality in adolescents with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Nutrients. 12(2):539. doi:10.3390/nu12020539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M. 2002. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science. 295(5557):1070–1073. doi:10.1126/science.1067262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binks H, Vincent G E, Gupta C, Irwin C, Khalesi S. 2020. Effects of diet on sleep: a narrative review. Nutrients. 12(4):936. doi:10.3390/nu12040936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bo S, Broglio F, Settanni F, Caprino MP, Ianniello A, Mengozzi G, Francesco A, Fadda M, Fedele D, Guggino A. 2017. Effects of meal timing on changes in circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acylated ghrelin concentrations: a pilot study. Nutr Diabetes. 7(12):1–7. doi:10.1038/s41387-017-0010-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bravo R, Matito S, Cubero J, Paredes S, Franco L, Rivero M, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C. 2013. Tryptophan-enriched cereal intake improves nocturnal sleep, melatonin, serotonin, and total antioxidant capacity levels and mood in elderly humans. Age. 35(4):1277–1285. doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9419-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown SA, Kowalska E, Dallmann R. 2012. (Re) inventing the circadian feedback loop. Dev Cell. 22(3):477–487. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brum MCB, Dantas Filho FF, Schnorr CC, Bottega GB, Rodrigues TC. 2015. Shift work and its association with metabolic disorders. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 7(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13098-015-0041-4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budai Z, Balogh L, Sarang Z. 2019. Short-term high-fat meal intake alters the expression of circadian clock-, inflammation-, and oxidative stress-related genes in human skeletal muscle. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 70(6):749–758. doi:10.1080/09637486.2018.1557607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. 2020. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 91(1):157. doi:10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camblor Murube M, Borregon-Rivilla E, Colmenarejo G, Aguilar-Aguilar E, Martínez JA, Ramírez De Molina A, Reglero G, Loria-Kohen V. 2020. Polymorphism of CLOCK gene rs3749474 as a modulator of the circadian evening carbohydrate intake impact on nutritional status in an adult sample. Nutrients. 12(4):1142. doi:10.3390/nu12041142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challet E. 2019. The circadian regulation of food intake. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15(7):393–405. doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0210-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheikh Ismail L, Osaili TM, Mohamad MN, Al Marzouqi A, Jarrar AH, Zampelas A, Habib-Mourad C, Omar Abu Jamous D, Ali HI, and Al Sabbah H, et al. 2021 Sep 14. Assessment of eating habits and lifestyle during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic in the middle East and North Africa region: a cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr. 126(5):757–766. doi:10.1017/S0007114520004547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Yang G. 2014. PPARs integrate the mammalian clock and energy metabolism. PPAR Res. 2014:653017. doi:10.1155/2014/653017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choub A, Mancuso M, Coppedè F, LoGerfo A, Orsucci D, Petrozzi L, DiCoscio E, Maestri M, Rocchi A, Bonanni E, et al. 2011. Clock T3111C and Per2 C111G SNPs do not influence circadian rhythmicity in healthy Italian population. Neurol Sci. 32(1):89–93. doi:10.1007/s10072-010-0415-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury EA, Richardson JD, Tsintzas K, Thompson D, Betts JA. 2015. Carbohydrate-rich breakfast attenuates glycaemic, insulinaemic and ghrelin response to ad libitum lunch relative to morning fasting in lean adults. Br J Nutr. 114(1):98–107. doi:10.1017/S0007114515001506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen G. 2012. When you eat matters: 60 years of Franz Halberg’s nutrition chronomics. Open Nutra J. 5(1):1. doi:10.2174/1876396001205010016.
   Google Scholar
• Dashti HS, Follis JL, Smith CE, Tanaka T, Cade BE, Gottlieb DJ, Hruby A, Jacques P, Lamon-Fava S, Richardson K, et al. 2015. Habitual sleep duration is associated with BMI and macronutrient intake and may be modified by CLOCK genetic variants. Am J Clin Nutr. 101(1):135–143. doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.095026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Faria Coelho-ravagnani C, Corgosinho FC, Sanches FFZ, Prado CMM, Laviano A, Mota JF. 2021. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr Rev. 79(4):382–393. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Goede P, Sen S, Oosterman JE, Foppen E, Jansen R, la Fleur SE, Challet E, Kalsbeek A. 2018. Differential effects of diet composition and timing of feeding behavior on rat brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle peripheral clocks. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythm. 4:24–33. doi:10.1016/j.nbscr.2017.09.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U. 2010. The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol. 72(1):517–549. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eide EJ, Virshup DM. 2001. Casein kinase I: another cog in the circadian clockworks. Chronobiol Int. 18(3):389–398. doi:10.1081/cbi-100103963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eide EJ, Woolf MF, Kang H, Woolf P, Hurst W, Camacho F, Vielhaber EL, Giovanni A, Virshup DM. 2005. Control of mammalian circadian rhythm by CKIε-regulated proteasome-mediated PER2 degradation. Mol Cell Biol. 25(7):2795–2807. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.7.2795-2807.2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa-Salinas I, San-Cristobal R, Colmenarejo G, Loria-Kohen V, Molina S, Reglero G, Ramirez de Molina A, Martinez JA. 2020. Polymorphic appetite effects on waist circumference depend on rs3749474 CLOCK gene variant. Nutrients. 12(6):1846. doi:10.3390/nu12061846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayet-Moore F, Kim J, Sritharan N, Petocz P. 2016. Impact of breakfast skipping and breakfast choice on the nutrient intake and body mass index of Australian children. Nutrients. 8(8):487. doi:10.3390/nu8080487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froy O. 2012. Circadian rhythms and obesity in mammals. Int Scholar Res Notice. doi:10.5402/2012/437198
   Google Scholar
• Fukushige H, Fukuda Y, Tanaka M, Inami K, Wada K, Tsumura Y, Kondo M, Harada T, Wakamura T, Morita T. 2014 Nov 19. Effects of tryptophan-rich breakfast and light exposure during the daytime on melatonin secretion at night. J Physiol Anthropol. 33(1):33. doi:10.1186/1880-6805-33-33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuller PM, Lu J, Saper CB. 2008. Differential rescue of light- and food-entrainable circadian rhythms. Science. 320(5879):1074–1077. doi:10.1126/science.1153277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallardo CM, Martin CS, Steele AD. 2020. Food anticipatory activity on circadian time scales is not dependent on central serotonin: evidence from tryptophan hydroxylase-2 and serotonin transporter knockout mice. Front Mol Neurosci. 13:169. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.534238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Corbalán-Tutau MD, Madrid JA, Baraza JC, Parnell LD, Lee Y-C, Ordovas JM. 2010b. PERIOD2 variants are associated with abdominal obesity, psycho-behavioral factors, and attrition in the dietary treatment of obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 110(6):917–921. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garaulet M, Corbalán M, Madrid J, Morales E, Baraza J, Lee Y, Ordovas J. 2010a. CLOCK gene is implicated in weight reduction in obese patients participating in a dietary programme based on the Mediterranean diet. Int J Obes. 34(3):516–523. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Gómez-Abellán P. 2014. Timing of food intake and obesity: a novel association. Phys Behav. 134:44–50. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Gómez-Abellán P, Alburquerque-Béjar JJ, Lee Y-C, Ordovás JM, Scheer FA. 2013. Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness. Int J Obes. 37(4):604–611. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Lee Y-C, Shen J, Parnell LD, Arnett DK, Tsai MY, Lai C-Q, Ordovas JM. 2009. CLOCK genetic variation and metabolic syndrome risk: modulation by monounsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr. 90(6):1466–1475. Dec. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Lee Y-C, Shen J, Parnell LD, Arnett DK, Tsai MY, Lai C-Q, Ordovas JM. 2010c. Genetic variants in human CLOCK associate with total energy intake and cytokine sleep factors in overweight subjects (GOLDN population). Eur J Hum Genet. 18(3):364–369. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaulet M, Sánchez-Moreno C, Smith CE, Lee Y-C, Nicolás F, Ordovás JM, Tomé D. 2011. Ghrelin, sleep reduction and evening preference: relationships to CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP and weight loss. PloS one. 6(2):e17435. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Rios A, Gomez-Delgado FJ, Garaulet M, Alcala-Diaz JF, Delgado-Lista FJ, Marin C, Rangel-Zuñiga OA, Rodriguez-Cantalejo F, Gomez-Luna P, Ordovas JM, et al. 2014 Apr. Beneficial effect of CLOCK gene polymorphism rs1801260 in combination with low-fat diet on insulin metabolism in the patients with metabolic syndrome. Chronobiol Int. 31(3):401–408. doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.864300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genta FD, Rodrigues Neto GB, Sunfeld JPV, Porto JF, Xavier AD, Moreno CR, Lorenzi-Filho G, Genta PR. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic impact on sleep habits, chronotype, and health-related quality of life among high school students: a longitudinal study. J Clin Sleep Med. 17(7):1371–1377. doi:10.5664/jcsm.9196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill S, Panda S. 2015 Sep 24. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell Metab. 22(5):789–798. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovaninni NP, Fuly JT, Moraes LI, Coutinho TN, Trarbach EB, Jorge AA, Costalonga EF. 2014. Study of the association between 3111T/C polymorphism of the CLOCK gene and the presence of overweight in schoolchildren. J Pediatr (Rio J). 90(5):500–505. Sep-Oct. doi:10.1016/j.jped.2014.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnocchi D, Bruscalupi G. 2017. Circadian rhythms and hormonal homeostasis: pathophysiological implications. Biology. 6(4):10. doi:10.3390/biology6010010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goetz F, Bishop J, Halberg F, Sothern RB, Brunning R, Senske B, Greenberg B, Minors D, Stoney P, Smith ID, et al. 1976. Timing of single daily meal influences relations among human circadian rhythms in urinary cyclic AMP and hemic glucagon, insulin and iron. Experientia. 32(8):1081–1084. doi:10.1007/bf01933983.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Güldür T, Otlu HG. 2017. Circadian rhythm in mammals: time to eat & time to sleep. Biol Rhythm Res. 48(2):243–261. doi:10.1080/09291016.2016.1251968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta CC, Coates AM, Dorrian J, Banks S. 2019. The factors influencing the eating behaviour of shiftworkers: what, when,where and why. Ind Health. 57(4):419–453. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2018-0147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halberg FSB. 1976. Meal schedules and their interaction with the body’s schedules. Chronobiologia. 3:75–76.
   Google Scholar
• Haraszti RÁ, Purebl G, Salavecz G, Poole L, Dockray S, and Steptoe A. 2014. Morningness–eveningness interferes with perceived health, physical activity, diet and stress levels in working women: a cross-sectional study. Chronobiol Int. 31(7):829–837. doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.911188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatori M, Vollmers C, Zarrinpar A, DiTacchio L, Bushong EA, Gill S, Leblanc M, Chaix A, Joens M, Fitzpatrick JJ, et al. 2012. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Metab. 15(6):848–860. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkinson AK. 2007. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in whole food nutritional medicine. Townsend Lett Examiner Alter Med. 283:102–104.
   Google Scholar
• Henry CJ, Kaur B, Quek RYC. 2020. Chrononutrition in the management of diabetes. Nutr Diabetes. 10(1):1–11. doi:10.1038/s41387-020-0109-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma S. 2018. The mammalian circadian system: a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure for generating circadian rhythm. J Phys Sci. 68(3):207–219. doi:10.1007/s12576-018-0597-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Ostberg O. 1976. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 4(2):97–110. PMID: 1027738.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howatson G, Bell PG, Tallent J, Middleton B, McHugh MP, Ellis J. 2012. Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality. Eur J Nutr. 51(8):909–916. doi:10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husain W, Ashkanani F. 2020. Does COVID-19 change dietary habits and lifestyle behaviours in Kuwait: a community-based cross-sectional study. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 25(1):61. doi:10.1186/s12199-020-00901-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins TA, Nguyen JC, Polglaze KE, Bertrand PP. 2016. Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis. Nutrients. 8(1):56. doi:10.3390/nu8010056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang P, Turek FW. 2017. Timing of meals: when is as critical as what and how much. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab. 312(5):E369–E380. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00295.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang P, Turek FW. 2018. The endogenous circadian clock programs animals to eat at certain times of the 24-hour day: what if we ignore the clock? What if We Ignore the Clock? Physiology & Behavior. 193:211–217. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen MT, Wynn R, Bratlid T, Vinciguerra M. 2013. Optimal sleep duration in the subarctic with respect to obesity risk is 8–9 hours. PloS one. 8(2):e56756. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jon Schoenfeld B, Albert Aragon A, Krieger JW. 2015. Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 73(2):69–82. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuu017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo JH, Lee DW, Choi D-W, Park E-C. 2019. Association between night work and dyslipidemia in South Korean men and women: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 18(1):1–14. doi:10.1186/s12944-019-1020-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalmbach DA, Schneider LD, Cheung J, Bertrand SJ, Kariharan T, Pack AI, Gehrman PR. 2017 Feb 1. Genetic basis of chronotype in humans: insights from three Landmark GWAS. Sleep. 40(2):zsw048. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandeger A, Egilmez U, Sayin AA, Selvi Y. 2018. The relationship between night eating symptoms and disordered eating attitudes via insomnia and chronotype differences. Psychiatry Res. 268:354–357. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantermann T, Sung H, Burgess HJ. 2015. Comparing the morningness-eveningness questionnaire and Munich chronotype questionnaire to the dim light melatonin onset. J Biol Rhythms. 30(5):449–453. doi:10.1177/0748730415597520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson B. 2001. Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27 485 people. Occup Environ Med. 58(11):747–752. doi:10.1136/oem.58.11.747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzenberg D, Young T, Finn L, Lin L, King DP, Takahashi JS, Mignot E. 1998. A CLOCK polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep. 21(6):569–576. doi:10.1093/SLEEP/21.6.569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki Y, Akamatsu R, Fujiwara Y, Omori M, Sugawara M, Yamazaki Y, Matsumoto S, Iwakabe S, Kobayashi T. 2021 Nov 1. Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women. Appetite. 166:105468. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly RM, Healy U, Sreenan S, McDermott JH, Coogan AN. 2018. Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease. Postgrad Med J. 94(1117):653–658. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutsuma A, Nakajima K, Suwa K. 2014. Potential association between breakfast skipping and concomitant late-night-dinner eating with metabolic syndrome and proteinuria in the Japanese population. Scientifica. 2014:1–9. doi:10.1155/2014/253581
   Google Scholar
• Kwon I, Choe HK, Son GH, Kim K. 2011. Mammalian molecular clocks. Exp Neurobiol. 20(1):18. Mammalian molecular clocks. 10.5607/en.2011.20.1.18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• L Lindseth G, Murray A. 2016. Dietary macronutrients and sleep. West J Nurs Res. 38(8):938–958. doi:10.1177/0193945916643712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H-J, Kim L, Kang S-G, Yoon H-K, Choi J-E, Park Y-M, Kim SJ, Kripke DF. 2011. PER2 variation is associated with diurnal preference in a Korean young population. Behav Genet. 41(2):273–277. doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9396-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech RM, Worsley A, Timperio A, McNaughton SA. 2015. Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality. Nutr Res Rev. 28(1):1–21. doi:10.1017/S0954422414000262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre P. 2006. Sorting out the roles of PPAR in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis. J Clin Invest. 116(3):571–580. doi:10.1172/JCI27989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone MJ, Sigman M, Golombek DA. 2020. Effects of lockdown on human sleep and chronotype during the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Biolo. 30(16):R930–R931. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leproult R, Holmbäck U, Van Cauter E. 2014. Circadian misalignment augments markers of insulin resistance and inflammation, independently of sleep loss. Diabetes. 63(6):1860–1869. doi:10.2337/db13-1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis P, Oster H, Korf HW, Foster RG, Erren TC. 2020. Food as a circadian time cue — evidence from human studies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 16(4):213–223. doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0318-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman AR, Kwon SB, Vu HT, Filipowicz A, Ay A, Ingram KK. 2017. Circadian clock model supports molecular link between PER3 and human anxiety. Sci Rep. 7(1):1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07957-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu AC, Tran HG, Zhang EE, Priest AA, Welsh DK, Kay SA, Takahashi JS. 2008. Redundant function of REV-ERBα and β and non-essential role for Bmal1 cycling in transcriptional regulation of intracellular circadian rhythms. PLoS Genet. 4(2):e1000023. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Guimerà G, Dashti HS, Smith CE, Sánchez-Carracedo D, Ordovas JM, Garaulet M, Rosenfeld CS. 2014. CLOCK 3111 T/C SNP interacts with emotional eating behavior for weight-loss in a Mediterranean population. PloS one. 9(6):e99152. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Minguez J, Gómez-Abellán P, Garaulet M. 2016. Circadian rhythms, food timing and obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 75(4):501–511. doi:10.1017/S0029665116000628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loria-Kohen V, Espinosa-Salinas I, Marcos-Pasero H, Lourenço-Nogueira T, Herranz J, Molina S, Reglero G, Ramirez de Molina A. 2016. Polymorphism in the CLOCK gene may influence the effect of fat intake reduction on weight loss. Nutrition. 32(4):453–460. Apr. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcheva B, Ramsey KM, Peek CB, Affinati A, Maury E, Bass J. 2013. Circadian clocks and metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol. (217):127–155. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25950-0_6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maukonen M, Kanerva N, Partonen T, Kronholm E, Konttinen H, Wennman H, Männistö S. 2016. The associations between chronotype, a healthy diet and obesity. Chronobiol Int. 33(8):972–981. doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1183022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maukonen M, Kanerva N, Partonen T, Kronholm E, Tapanainen H, Kontto J, Männistö S. 2017. Chronotype differences in timing of energy and macronutrient intakes: a population-based study in adults. Obesity. 25(3):608–615. doi:10.1002/oby.21747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maury E. 2019 Mar 30. Off the clock: from circadian disruption to metabolic disease. Int J Mol Sci. 20(7):1597. doi:10.3390/ijms20071597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maury E, Ramsey KM, Bass J. 2010. Circadian rhythms and metabolic syndrome: from experimental genetics to human disease. Circ Res. 106(3):447–462. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.208355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazri FH, Manaf ZA, Shahar S, Mat Ludin AF. 2019. The association between chronotype and dietary pattern among adults: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(1):68. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikanto I, Lahti T, Puolijoki H, Vanhala M, Peltonen M, Laatikainen T, Vartiainen E, Salomaa V, Kronholm E, Partonen T. 2013. May.Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Chronobiol Int. 30(4):470–477. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.741171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mota MC, Waterhouse J, De-Souza DA, Rossato LT, Silva CM, Araújo MB, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Crispim CA. 2016. Association between chronotype, food intake and physical activity in medical residents. Chronobiol Int. 33(6):730–739. doi:10.3109/07420528.2016.1167711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherji A, Bailey SM, Staels B, Baumert TF. 2019. The circadian clock and liver function in health and disease. J Hepatol. 71(1):200–211. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniz FJS, Martãn CS. 2017. Clock genes, chronodisruption, nutrition and obesity. Curr Res Diabetes Obesity J. 3(2):1–6. doi:10.19080/CRDOJ.2017.03.555607.
   Google Scholar
• Muscogiuri G, Barrea L, Aprano S, Framondi L, Di Matteo R, Laudisio D, Pugliese G, Savastano S, Colao A, On Behalf Of The Opera Prevention Project. 2020May. Chronotype and adherence to the mediterranean diet in obesity: results from the opera prevention project. Nutrients. 125: 1354 10.3390/nu12051354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagashima S, Yamashita M, Tojo C, Kondo M, Morita T, and Wakamura T. 2017. Can tryptophan supplement intake at breakfast enhance melatonin secretion at night? Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 36(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s40101-017-0135-9.
   Google Scholar
• Nakajima K, Suwa K. 2015. Association of hyperglycemia in a general Japanese population with late-night-dinner eating alone, but not breakfast skipping alone. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 14(1):1–5. doi:10.1186/s40200-015-0147-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odegaard AO, Jacobs DR, Steffen LM, Van Horn L, Ludwig DS, Pereira MA. 2013. Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk. Diabete Care. 36(10):3100–3106. doi:10.2337/dc13-0316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterman JE, Wopereis S, Kalsbeek A. 2020 Dec 1. The circadian clock, shift work, and tissue-specific insulin resistance. Endocrinology. 161(12):bqaa180. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park M, Kim SA, Shin J, Joo E-J. 2020. Investigation of gene-gene interactions of clock genes for chronotype in a healthy Korean population. Genomics Inform. 18(4):4. doi:10.5808/GI.2020.18.4.e38.
   Google Scholar
• Patke A, Young MW, Axelrod S. 2020. Molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of circadian rhythms. Nature Review Molecular Cell Biology. 21(2):67–84. doi:10.1038/s41580-019-0179-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson F, Malone SK, Lozano A, Grandner MA, Hanlon AL. 2016. Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank. Ann Behav Med. 50(5):715–726. doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9797-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickel L, Sung H-K. 2020. Feeding rhythms and the circadian regulation of metabolism. Front Nutr. 7:39. doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivovarova O, Jürchott K, Rudovich N, Hornemann S, Ye L, Möckel S, Murahovschi V, Kessler K, Seltmann A-C, Maser-Gluth C, et al. 2015 Jun. Changes of dietary fat and carbohydrate content alter central and peripheral clock in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(6):2291–2302. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poggiogalle E, Jamshed H, Peterson CM. 2018. Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism. 84:11–27. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter GD, Cade JE, Grant PJ, and Hardie LJ. 2016a. Nutrition and the circadian system. Br J Nutr. 116(3):434–442. doi:10.1017/S0007114516002117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter GD, Skene DJ, Arendt J, Cade JE, Grant PJ, Hardie LJ. 2016b. Circadian rhythm and sleep disruption: causes, metabolic consequences, and countermeasures. Endocr Rev. 37(6):584–608. doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian J, Scheer FA. 2016. Circadian system and glucose metabolism: implications for physiology and disease. Trend Endocrinol Metabol. 27(5):282–293. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Llodra E, Tyler PA, Baker MC, Bergstad OA, Clark MR, Escobar E, Levin LA, Menot L, Rowden AA, Smith CR, et al. 2011. Man and the last great wilderness: human impact on the deep sea. PLoS One. 6(8):e22588. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reick M, Garcia JA, Dudley C, McKnight SL. 2001. NPAS2: an analog of clock operative in the mammalian forebrain. Science. 293(5529):506–509. doi:10.1126/science.1060699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reutrakul S, Hood MM, Crowley SJ, Morgan MK, Teodori M, Knutson KL. 2014. The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Chronobiol Int. 31(1):64–71. doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.821614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reutrakul S, Hood MM, Crowley SJ, Morgan MK, Teodori M, Knutson KL, Van Cauter E. 2013. Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabete Care. 36(9):2523–2529. doi:10.2337/dc12-2697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas-Latre A, Baselga-Escudero L, Casanova E, Arola-Arnal A, Salvadó M, Arola L, Bladé C. 2015. Chronic consumption of dietary proanthocyanidins modulates peripheral clocks in healthy and obese rats. J Nutr Biochem. 26(2):112–119. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas-Latre A, Eckel-Mahan K. 2016. Interdependence of nutrient metabolism and the circadian clock system: importance for metabolic health. Mol Metab. 5(3):133–152. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson E, Boyland E, Chisholm A, Harrold J, Maloney NG, Marty L, Mead BR, Noonan R, Hardman CA. 2021 Jan 1. Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: a study of UK adults. Appetite.156:104853. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson I, Reddy A. 2014. Molecular mechanisms of the circadian clockwork in mammals. FEBS Lett. 588(15):2477–2483. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Muñoz PM, Carmona-Torres JM, Rivera-Picón C, Fabbian F, Manfredini R, Rodríguez-Borrego MA, López-Soto PJ. 2020. Associations between chronotype, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and sexual opinion among university students. Nutrients. 12(6):1900. doi:10.3390/nu12061900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Merrow M. 2003. Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes. J Biol Rhythms. 18(1):80–90. doi:10.1177/0748730402239679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romo‐Nava F, Blom TJ, Guerdjikova A, Winham SJ, Cuellar‐Barboza AB, Nunez NA, Singh B, Biernacka JM, Frye MA, McElroy SL. 2020. Evening chronotype, disordered eating behavior, and poor dietary habits in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 142(1):58–65. Jul. doi:10.1111/acps.13179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruddick-Collins L, Johnston J, Morgan P, Johnstone A. 2018. The big breakfast study: chrono-nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight. Nutrition Bulletin. 43(2):174–183. doi:10.1111/nbu.12323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Lozano T, Vidal J, De Hollanda A, Canteras M, Garaulet M, Izquierdo-Pulido M. 2016. Evening chronotype associates with obesity in severely obese subjects: interaction with CLOCK 3111T/C. Int J Obes. 40(10):1550–1557. doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato-Mito N, Shibata S, Sasaki S, Sato K. 2011. Dietary intake is associated with human chronotype as assessed by both morningness–eveningness score and preferred midpoint of sleep in young Japanese women. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 62(5):525–532. doi:10.3109/09637486.2011.560563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato TK, Panda S, Miraglia LJ, Reyes TM, Rudic RD, McNamara P, Naik KA, FitzGerald GA, Kay SA, Hogenesch JB. 2004 Aug 19. A functional genomics strategy reveals Rora as a component of the mammalian circadian clock. Neuron. 43(4):527–537. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schibler U, Ripperger J, Brown SA. 2003. Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food. J Biolo Rhythms. 18(3):250–260. doi:10.1177/0748730403018003007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA, and Krieger JW. 2015. Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 73(2):69–82. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott E, Carter A, Grant P. 2008. Association between polymorphisms in the Clock gene, obesity and the metabolic syndrome in man. Int J Obes. 32(4):658–662. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serretti A, Gaspar-Barba E, Calati R, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Gomez-Sanchez A, Perez-Molina A, De Ronchi D. 2010. 3111T/C CLOCK GENE POLYMORPHISM IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN UNTREATED DEPRESSED PATIENTS. Chronobiol Int. 27(2):265–277. doi:10.3109/07420521003663785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty A, Hsu JW, Manka PP, Syn W-K. 2018. Role of the circadian clock in the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 63(12):3187–3206. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5242-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin D, Lee K-W. 2021. CLOCK gene variation is associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome modulated by monounsaturated fatty acids. J Personal Med. 11(5):412. doi:10.3390/jpm11050412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siepka SM, Yoo SH, Park J, Lee C, and Takahashi JS. 2007. Genetics and neurobiology of circadian clocks in mammals. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 72: 251–259. doi:10.1101/sqb.2007.72.052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha M, Pande B, Sinha R. 2020 Jul 28. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on sleep-wake schedule and associated lifestyle related behavior: a national survey. J Public Health Res. 9(3):1826. doi:10.4081/jphr.2020.1826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solt LA, Kojetin DJ, Burris TP. 2011. The REV-ERBs and RORs: molecular links between circadian rhythms and lipid homeostasis. Future Med Chem. 3(5):623–638. doi:10.4155/fmc.11.9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song H-M, Cho C-H, Lee H-J, Moon JH, Kang S-G, Yoon H-K, Park Y-M, Kim L. 2016. Association of CLOCK, ARNTL, PER2, and GNB3 polymorphisms with diurnal preference in a Korean population. Chronobiol Int. 33(10):1455–1463. doi:10.1080/07420528.2016.1231199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staller N, Randler C. 2021. Changes in sleep schedule and chronotype due to COVID-19 restrictions and home office. Somnologie. 25(2):131–137. doi:10.1007/s11818-020-00277-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudo N, Ohtsuka N. 2001. Nutrient intake among female shift workers in a computer factory in Japan. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 52(4):367–378. Jul. doi:10.1080/09637480120057530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahara Y, Shibata S. 2013. Chronobiology and nutrition. Neuroscience. 253:78–88. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. 2004. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 1(3):e62. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi M, Tahara Y, Tsubosaka MMF, Fukazawa M, Ozaki M, Iwakami T, Nakaoka T, Shibata S. 2018. Chronotype and social jetlag influence human circadian clock gene expression. Sci Rep. 8(1):10152. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28616-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tangestani H, Emamat H, Yekaninejad MS, Keshavarz SA, Mirzaei K. 2021. Variants in circadian rhythm gene Cry1 Interacts with healthy dietary pattern for serum leptin levels: a cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr Res. 10(1):48. doi:10.7762/cnr.2021.10.1.48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teixeira GP, Mota MC, Crispim CA. 2018. Eveningness is associated with skipping breakfast and poor nutritional intake in Brazilian undergraduate students. Chronobiol Int. 35(3):358–367. doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1407778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tognini P, Murakami M, Liu Y, Eckel-Mahan KL, Newman JC, Verdin E, Baldi P, Sassone-Corsi P. 2017 Sep 5. Distinct Circadian Signatures in Liver and Gut Clocks Revealed by Ketogenic Diet. Cell Metab. 26(3):523–538.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toktaş N, Erdem KA, Yetik O. 2018. ERKEK ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN KRONOTİPE GÖRE SAĞLIKLI YAŞAM BİÇİMİ DAVRANIŞLARI VE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DÜZEYLERİ. Abant Izzet Baysal Üniver Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 18(1):507–520. doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.36350-411092.
   Google Scholar
• Turek FW, Joshu C, Kohsaka A, Lin E, Ivanova G, McDearmon E, Laposky A, Losee-Olson S, Easton A, Jensen DR, et al. 2005 May 13. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian clock mutant mice. Science. 308(5724):1043–1045. doi:10.1126/science.1108750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Türkoğlu S, Çetin FH. 2019. The relationship between chronotype and obesity in children and adolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Chronobiol Int. 36(8):1138–1147. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1622131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udoh US, Valcin JA, Gamble KL, Bailey SM. 2015. The molecular circadian clock and alcohol-inducedliver injury. Biomolecules. 5(4):2504–2537. doi:10.3390/biom5042504.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valladares M, Chaput J, Vásquez S, Pino C, Obregón A. 2020. Association of eating behaviour with clock gene polymorphism 3111 T > C in children based on nutritional status. Ann Hum Biol. 47(1):76–80. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1706764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valladares M, Obregón AM, Chaput J-P. 2015. Association between genetic variants of the clock gene and obesity and sleep duration. J Physiol Biochem. 71(4):855–860. doi:10.1007/s13105-015-0447-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronda AC, Allison KC, Crosby RD, Irish LA. 2020. Development, validation and reliability of the Chrononutrition Profile - Questionnaire. Chronobiol Int. 37(3):375–394. doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1692349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada K, Yata S, Akimitsu O, Krejci M, Noji T, Nakade M, Takeuchi H, Harada T. 2013 May 25. A tryptophan-rich breakfast and exposure to light with low color temperature at night improve sleep and salivary melatonin level in Japanese students. J Circadian Rhythms. 11:4. doi:10.1186/1740-3391-11-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. 2020. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Llancet. 395(10223):470–473. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Patterson R, Ang A, Emond J, Shetty N, Arab L. 2014. Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults. J Hum Nutr Diet. 27:255–262. doi:10.1111/jhn.12141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Tang Q, Chen G, Xie M, Yu S, Zhao J, Chen L. 2019. New insights into the circadian rhythm and its related diseases. Front Physiol. 10:682. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y Yu BYM, Yeung W-F, Ho Y-S, Ho FYY, Chung KF, Lee RLT, Lam MY, Chen S. 2020. Associations between the chronotypes and eating habits of Hong Kong school-aged children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(7):2583. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Downes M, Yu RT, Bookout AL, He W, Straume M, Mangelsdorf DJ, Evans RM. 2006 Aug 25. Nuclear receptor expression links the circadian clock to metabolism. Cell. 126(4):801–810. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo S-H, Ko CH, Lowrey PL, Buhr ED, Song E, Chang S, Yoo O, Yamazaki S, Lee C, Takahashi JS. 2005. A noncanonical E-box enhancer drives mouse Period2 circadian oscillations in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 102(7):2608–2613. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409763102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizaki T, Togo F. 2021. Objectively measured chronotype and social jetlag are associated with habitual dietary intake in undergraduate students. Nutr Res. 90:36–45. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2021.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu JH, Yun C-H, Ahn JH, Suh S, Cho HJ, Lee SK, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Choi KM, et al. 2015. Evening chronotype is associated with metabolic disorders and body composition in middle-aged adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(4):1494–1502. Apr. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Ptáček LJ, Fu Y-H. 2013. Diversity of human clock genotypes and consequences. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 119:51–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Губин Д, Вайнерт Д, Корнелиссен Ж. 2020. Chronotheranostics and chronotherapy-frontiers for personalized medicine. Хрономедицинский журнал. 22(1):3–23.
   Google Scholar