Neuropsychological Functioning in Preschool-age Children with Sickle Cell Disease: The Role of Illness-related and Psychosocial Factors

REFERENCES

• Adams , R. J. , McKie , V. C. , Carl , E. M. , Nichols , F. T. , Perry , R. Brock , K. 1997 . Long-term stroke risk in children with sickle cell disease screened with transcranial doppler . Annals of Neurology , 42 : 699 – 704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , R. J. , McKie , V. C. , Hsu , L. , Files , B. , Vichinsky , E. Pegelow , C. 1998 . Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial doppler ultrasonography . New England Journal of Medicine , 339 : 5 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , F. D. , Thompson , R. J. , Wang , W. , Zimmerman , R. , Pegelow , C. H. Miller , S. 1996 . Cognitive functioning and brain magnetic resonance imaging in children with sickle cell disease . Pediatrics , 97 : 864 – 870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacharach , V. R. and Baumeister , A. A. 1998 . Direct and indirect effects of maternal intelligence, maternal age, income, and home environment on intelligence of pre-term, low-birth-weight children . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 19 : 361 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernaudin , F. , Verlhac , S. , Freard , F. , Roudot-Thoraval , F. , Benkerrou , M. Thuret , I. 2000 . Multicenter prospective study of children with sickle cell disease: Radiographic and psychometric correlation . Journal of Child Neurology , 15 : 333 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , J. 1989 . Number of siblings and educational attainment . Science , 245 : 32 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks-Gunn , J. , Klebanov , P. K. and Duncan , G. J. 1996 . Ethnic differences in children's intelligence test scores: Role of economic deprivation, home environment, and maternal characteristics . Child Development , 67 : 396 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. T. , Armstrong , F. D. and Eckman , J. R. 1993 . Neurocognitive aspects of pediatric sickle cell disease . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 26 : 33 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. T. , Buchanan , I. , Doepke , K. , Eckman , J. R. , Baldwin , K. Goonan , B. 1993 . Cognitive and academic functioning in children with sickle-cell disease . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 22 : 207 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , R. T. , Davis , P. C. , Lambert , R. , Hsu , L. , Hopkins , K. and Eckman , J. 2000 . Neurocognitive functioning and magnetic resonance imaging in children with sickle cell disease . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 25 : 503 – 513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchinal , M. R. , Campbell , F. A. , Bryant , D. M. , Wasik , B. H. and Ramey , C. T. 1997 . Early intervention and mediating processes in cognitive performance of children of low-income African-American families . Child Development , 68 : 935 – 954 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , B. M. and Bradley , R. H. 1984 . Home observation for measurement of the environment , Little Rock : University of Arkansas at Little Rock .
   Google Scholar
• Christian , K. , Morrison , F. J. and Bryant , F. B. 1998 . Predicting kindergarten academic skills: Interactions among child care, maternal education, and family literacy environments . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 13 : 501 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua-Lim , C. , Moore , R. B. , McCleary , G. , Shah , A. and Mankad , V. N. 1993 . Deficiencies in school readiness skills of children with sickle cell anemia: A preliminary report . Southern Medical Journal , 86 : 397 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , C. D. 1990 . Differential Ability Scales: Introductory and technical handbook , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Ely , B. , Dampier , C. , Gilday , M. , O'Neal , P. and Brodecki , D. 2002 . Caregiver report of pain in infants and toddlers with sickle cell disease: Reliability and validity of a daily diary . The Journal of Pain , 3 : 50 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espy , K. A. , Molfese , V. J. and DiLalla , L. F. 2001 . Effects of environmental measures on intelligence in young children: Growth curve modeling of longitudinal data . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 47 : 42 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , G. W. , Maxwell , L. E. and Hart , B. 1999 . Parental language and verbal responsiveness to children in crowded homes . Developmental Psychology , 35 : 1020 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler , M. G. , Johnson , M. P. and Atkinson , S. S. 1985 . School achievement and absence in children with chronic illness . The Journal of Pediatrics , 106 : 683 – 687 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler , M. G. , Whitt , J. K. , Nash , K. B. , Atkinson , S. , Wells , R. J. and McMillan , C. 1988 . Neuropsychological and academic functioning of children with sickle cell anemia . Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 9 : 213 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil , K. M. , Porter , L. , Ready , J. , Workman , E. , Sedway , J. and Anthony , K. K. 2000 . Pain in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: An analysis of daily pain diaries . Children's Health Care , 29 : 225 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grueneich , R. , Ris , M. D. , Ball , W. , Kalinyak , K. A. , Noll , R. , Vannatta , K. and Wells , R. 2004 . Relationship of structural magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance perfusion, and other disease factors to neuropsychological outcome in sickle cell disease . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 29 : 83 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariman , L. M. F. , Griffith , E. R. , Hurtig , A. L. and Keehn , M. T. 1991 . Functional outcomes of children with sickle-cell disease affected by stroke . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 72 : 498 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , C. R. , Papas , M. A. and Black , M. M. 2004 . Use of the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener with an environmental risk group . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 29 : 321 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Holditch-Davis , D. , Tesh , E. M. , David-Goldman , B. , Miles , M. S. and D'Auria , J. 2000 . Use of the HOME inventory with medically fragile infants . Children's Health Care , 29 : 257 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmbeck , G. N. 2002 . Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 27 : 87 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper , S. R. , Burchinal , M. R. , Roberts , J. E. , Zeisel , S. and Neebe , E. C. 1998 . Social and family risk factors for infant development at one year: An application of the cumulative risk model . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 19 : 85 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. L. , Swank , P. , Howie , V. M. , Baldwin , C. D. , Owen , M. and Luttman , D. 1993 . Does HOME add to the prediction of child intelligence over and above SES? . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 154 : 33 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , S. , Singhal , A. , Thomas , P. and Serjeant , G. 1995 . Factors associated with lowered intelligence in homozygous sickle cell disease . Archives of Disease in Childhood , 73 : 316 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman , M. , Kirk , U. and Kemp , S. 1998 . NEPSY. A developmental neuropsychological assessment , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Kral , M. C. and Brown , R. T. 2004 . Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and executive dysfunction in children with sickle cell disease . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 29 : 185 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luster , T. and Dubow , E. 1992 . Home environment and maternal intelligence as predictors of verbal intelligence: A comparison of preschool and school-age children . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 38 : 151 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan , J. A. , DeAngelis , C. D. , Feigin , R. D. and Warshaw , J. B. , eds. 1999 . Oski's pediatrics: Principles and practice , 3rd , 1450 – 2224 . Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Molfese , V. J. and Molfese , D. L. 2002 . Environmental and social influences on reading skills as indexed by brain and behavioral responses . Annals of Dyslexia , 52 : 121 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. H. and Moos , B. S. 1981 . Family Environment Scale manual , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muir-Broaddus , J. E. , Rosenstein , L. D. , Medina , D. E. and Soderberg , C. 2002 . Neuropsychological test performance of children with ADHD relative to test norms and parent behavioral ratings . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 17 : 671 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettles , A. L. 1994 . Scholastic performance of children with sickle cell disease . Journal of Health and Social Policy , 5 : 123 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noll , R. B. , Stith , L. , Gartstein , M. A. , Ris , M. D. , Grueneich , R. Vannatta , K. 2001 . Neuropsychological functioning of youths with sickle cell disease: Comparison with non-chronically ill peers . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 26 : 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne , A. C. , Whitehurst , G. J. and Angell , A. L. 1994 . The role of home literacy environment in the development of language ability in preschool children from low-income families . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 9 : 427 – 440 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin , E. C. , Ayoub , C. C. and Willett , J. B. 1993 . In the eyes of the beholder: Family and maternal influences on perceptions of adjustment of children with chronic illness . Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 14 : 94 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz , J. , Brown , R. T. , Pascual , J. M. , Hsu , L. and DeBaun , M. R. 2001 . Poor school and cognitive functioning with silent cerebral infarcts and sickle cell disease . Neurology , 56 : 1109 – 1111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz , J. , Craft , S. , Koby , M. , Siegel , M. J. , Resar , L. Lee , R. R. 1999 . Neuropsychologic deficits in children with sickle cell disease and cerebral infarction: Role of lesion site and volume . Child Neuropsychology , 5 : 92 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz , J. , Finke , R. L. , Kellet , J. M. and Kramer , J. H. 2002 . Cognitive functioning in children with sickle cell disease: A meta-analysis . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 27 : 739 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz , J. , Finke , R. and Roberts , C. W. 2004 . Interactions of biomedical and environmental risk factors for cognitive development: A preliminary study of sickle cell disease . Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 25 : 303 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. T. 1999 . “ Sickle cell disease ” . In Handbook of neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders in children , Edited by: Goldstein , S. and Reynolds , C. R. 368 – 384 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steen , R. G. , Hu , X. J. , Elliott , V. E. , Miles , M. A. , Jones , S. and Wang , W. C. 2002 . Kindergarten readiness skills in children with sickle cell disease: Evidence of early neurocognitive damage? . Journal of Child Neurology , 17 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen , R. G. , Xiong , X. , Mulhern , R. K. , Langston , J. W. and Wang , W. C. 1999 . Subtle brain abnormalities in children with sickle cell disease: Relationship to blood hematocrit . Annals of Neurology , 45 : 279 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streisand , R. , Braniecki , S. , Tercyak , K. P. and Kazak , A. E. 2001 . Childhood illness-related parenting stress: The Pediatric Inventory for Parents . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 26 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift , A. V. , Cohen , M. J. , Hynd , G. W. , Wisenbaker , J. M. , McKie , K. M. Makari , G. 1989 . Neuropsychologic impairment in children with sickle cell anemia . Pediatrics , 84 : 1077 – 1085 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , R. J. , Gustafson , K. E. , Bonner , M. J. and Ware , R. E. 2002 . Neurocognitive development of young children with sickle cell disease through three years of age . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 27 : 235 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffin , J. 1968 . Purdue Pegboard examiner manual , Chicago : Science Research Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , W. , Enos , L. , Gallagher , D. , Thompson , R. , Guarini , L. Vichinsky , E. 2001 . Neuropsychologic performance in school-aged children with sickle cell disease: A report from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease . Journal of Pediatrics , 139 : 391 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W. C. , Grover , R. , Gallagher , D. , Espeland , M. and Fandal , A. 1993 . Developmental screening in young children with sickle cell disease: Results of a cooperative study . American Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , 15 : 87 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , W. C. , Langston , J. W. , Steen , R. G. , Wynn , L. W. , Mulbern , R. K. Wilimas , J. A. 1998 . Abnormalities of the central nervous system in very young children with sickle cell anemia . The Journal of Pediatrics , 132 : 994 – 998 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman , A. L. , Wilimas , J. A. , Fairclough , D. L. , Mulhern , R. K. and Wang , W. 1991 . Subtle neuropsychological deficits in children with sickle cell disease . The American Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , 13 : 14 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watkins , K. E. , Hewes , D. K. M. , Connelly , A. , Kendall , B. E. , Kingsley , D. P. E. Evans , J. E. P. 1998 . Cognitive deficits associated with frontal-lobe infarction in children with sickle cell disease . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 40 : 536 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 2002 . Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, , 3rd , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• While , A. E. and Mullen , J. 2004 . Living with sickle cell disease: The perspective of young people . British Journal of Nursing , 13 : 320 – 325 .
   Google Scholar