Age-related differences in inhibitory control in the early school years

REFERENCES

• Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, V. (1998). Assessing executive functions in children: Biological, psychological and developmental considerations. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 8(3), 319–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, V., Anderson, P. J., & Jacobs, R. (2008). Development and assessment of executive function: From preschool to adolesence. In V. Anderson, R. Jacobs, & P. Anderson (Eds.), Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A lifespan perspective (pp. 123–146). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Archibald, S. J., & Kerns, K. A. (1999). Identification and description of new tests of executive functioning in children. Child Neuropsychology, 5(2), 115–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armengol, C. G. (2002). Stroop test in Spanish: Children’s norms. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(1), 67–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A. (2008). Progress in executive-function research: From tasks to functions to regions to networks. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(2), 124–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balamore, U., & Wozniak, R. H. (1984). Speech-action coordination in young children. Developmental Psychology, 20(5), 850–858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1997a). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1997b). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (1999). Response inhibition in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 5, 177–184.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, I. (2004). Neuropsychological evaluation of the child. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009). Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates. Developmental Review, 29(3), 180–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge, M., Jarrold, C., & Pettit, E. (2002). An experimental approach to executive fingerprinting in young children. Infant and Child Development, 11(2), 107–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, C., & Razza, R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78(2), 647–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borella, E., de Ribaupierre, A., Cornoldi, C., & Chicherio, C. (in press). Beyond interference control impairment in ADHD: Evidence from increased intraindividual variability in the Color-Stroop test. Child Neuropsychology. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2012.696603
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. A. (2005). Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28(2), 595–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ, S. E., White, D. A., Mandernach, T., & Keys, B. A. (2001). Inhibitory control across the lifespan. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(3), 653–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciairano, S., Visu-Petra, L., & Settanni, M. (2007). Executive inhibitory control and cooperative behavior during early school years: A follow-up study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(3), 335–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., & McClelland, J. L. (1990). On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed-processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97(3), 332–361.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Comalli, P. E., Wapner, S., & Werner, H. (1962). Interference effects of Stroop Colour-Word test in childhood, adulthood, and aging. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100, 47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44(11), 2037–2078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca, C. R., & Leventer, R. J. (2008). Developmental trajectories of executive functions across the life span. In V. Anderson, R. Jacobs, & P. Anderson (Eds.), Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A lifespan perspective (pp. 23–48). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS): Examiner’s manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Dempster, F. N., & Corkill, A. J. (1999). Interference and inhibition in cognition and behavior: Unifying themes for educational psychology. Educational Psychology Review, 11(1), 1–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla, M. (2007). Executive function. In L. Meltzer (Ed.), Executive function in education: From theory to practice (pp. 5–17). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A., Kirkham, N., & Amso, D. (2002). Conditions under which young children can hold two rules in mind and inhibit a prepotent response. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 352–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A., & Taylor, C. (1996). Development of an aspect of executive control: Development of the abilities to remember what I said and to “Do as I say, not as I do.” Developmental Psychobiology, 29(4), 315–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eigsti, I.-M., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M., … Casey, B. J. (2006). Predicting cognitive control from preschool to late adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological science, 17(6), 478–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, P. E., Nigg, J. T., Carr, L. A., & Ferreira, F. (2008). Cognitive inhibition and working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 591–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espy, K. A. (1997). The Shape School: Assessing executive function in preschool children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 13(4), 495–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espy, K. A., Bull, R., Martin, J., & Stroup, W. (2006). Measuring the development of executive control with the Shape School. Psychological Assessment, 18(4), 373–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espy, K. A., Kaufmann, P. M., Glisky, M. L., & McDiarmid, M. D. (2001). New procedures to assess executive functions in preschool children. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(1), 46–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 3-1/2 –7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, C. J. (2002). The Stroop Color and Word Test manual. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
   Google Scholar
• Herba, C. M., Tranah, T., Rubia, K., & Yule, W. (2006). Conduct problems in adolescence: Three domains of inhibition and effect of gender. Developmental Neuropsychology, 30(2), 659–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmboe, K., Fearon, R. M. P., Csibra, G., Tucker, L. A., & Johnson, M. H. (2008). Freeze-frame: A new infant inhibition task and its relation to frontal cortex tasks during infancy and early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 100(2), 89–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., Ensor, R., Wilson, A., & Graham, A. (2010). Tracking executive function across the transition to school: A latent variable approach. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(1), 20–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgenson, C. B., Davis, J., Opella, J., & Angerstein, G. (1981). Hemispheric-asymmetry in the processing of Stroop stimuli — An examination of age and gender differences. International Journal of Neuroscience, 13(2–3), 113–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgenson, C. B., Davis, W. P., & Opella, J. L. (1983). Hemispheric-asymmetry in the processing of Stroop stimuli — A balanced design. International Journal of Neuroscience, 21(3–4), 171–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(1), 47–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerns, K. A., & McInerney, R. (2007). Preschool tasks [computer software]. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkham, N., Cruess, L., & Diamond, A. (2003). Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task. Developmental Science, 6(5), 449–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsi, J., Andreou, P., Ma, J., Börger, N., & van der Meere, J. J. (2005). Testing assumptions for endophenotype studies in ADHD: Reliability and validity of tasks in a general population sample. BMC Psychiatry, 5(1), 40-11p. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-5-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lansbergen, M. M., Kenemans, J. L., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Stroop interference and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 21(2), 251–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto, J. E., Juujarvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 59–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew, J. (2012). Effortful control, executive functions, and education: Bringing self-regulatory and social-emotional competencies to the table. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 105–111. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00196.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, C., Borella, E., Tettamanti, M., & de Ribaupierre, A. (2010). Adult age differences in the Color Stroop Test: A comparison between an item-by-item and a blocked version. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51(2), 135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, C. M. (2005). The Stroop task in cognitive research. In A. Wenzel & D. Rubin (Eds.), Cognitive methods and their application to clinical research (pp. 17–40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer, L., & Krishnan, K. (2007). Executive function difficulties and learning disabilities. In L. Meltzer (Ed.), Executive function in education: From theory to practice (pp. 77–105). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, U., Kerns, K. A., & Konkin, K. (2012). Test-retest reliability and practice effects of executive function tasks in preschool children. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(2), 271–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglieri, J. A., & Das, J. P. (1997). Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
   Google Scholar
• Nichelli, F., Scala, G., Vago, C., Riva, D., & Bulgheroni, S. (2005). Age-related trends in Stroop and conflicting motor response task findings. Child Neuropsychology, 11(5), 431–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 220–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passler, M. A., Isaac, W., & Hynd, G. W. (1985). Neurospyschological development of behavior attributed to frontal lobe functioning in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1(4), 349–370. doi: 10.1080/87565648509540320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prevor, M. B., & Diamond, A. (2005). Color-object interference in young children: A Stroop effect in children 3(1/2)–6(1/2) years old. Cognitive Development, 20(2), 256–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand, G., Wapner, S., Werner, H., & McFarland, J. H. (1963). Age-differences in performance on the Stroop Color-Word test. Journal of Personality, 31(4), 534–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie, D. A. C., Bull, R., & Diamond, A. (2004). Executive functioning in preschoolers: Reducting the inhibitory demands of the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26(1), 423–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, G., Howard, K., Spittle, A. J., Brown, N. C., Anderson, P. J., & Doyle, L. W. (2008). Rates of early intervention services in very preterm children with developmental disabilities at age two. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health, 44(5), 276–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1996). An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes. Developmental Neuropsychology, 12(1), 105–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romine, C., & Reynolds, C. (2005). A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: Findings from a meta-analysis. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 12(4), 190–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Halari, R., Smith, A. B., Mohammed, M., Scott, S., Giampietro, V., … Brammer, M. J. (2008). Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(7), 889–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge, J. J., & Tannock, R. (2002). Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: Effects of reading difficulties and gender. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 988–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo, R., Henik, A., & Robertson, L. C. (2001). Interpreting Stroop interference: An analysis of differences between task versions. Neuropsychology, 15(4), 462–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santostefano, S. (1988). Cognitive control battery. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Shanahan, M. A., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. W. (2008). Do motivational incentives reduce the inhibition deficit in ADHD? Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(2), 137–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shing, Y. L., Lindenberger, U., Diamond, A., Li, S. C., & Davidson, M. C. (2010). Memory maintenance and inhibitory control differentiate from early childhood to adolescence. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(6), 679–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler, R. S. (1983). How knowledge influences learning: What children already know about scientific and mathematical concepts influences how they acquire additional information. American Scientist, 71(6), 631–638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler, R. S. (2006). Microgenetic analyses of learning. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, D. Kuhn, & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Cognition, perception and language (6th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 464–510). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, A., & Riggs, K. (2005). Factors responsible for performance on the day-night task: Response set or semantics? Developmental Science, 8(4), 360–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643–662.
   Google Scholar
• Treyvaud, K., Inder, T. E., Lee, K. J., Northam, E. A., Doyle, L. W., & Anderson, P. J. (2012). Can the home environment promote resilience for children born very preterm in the context of social and medical risk? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112(3), 326–337. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Haugen, R., Spinrad, T. L., Hofer, C., Liew, J., & Kupfer, A. (2011). Children’s effortful control and academic achievement: Mediation through social functioning. Early Education and Development, 22(3), 411–433. doi: 10.1080/10409289.2010.505259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Schoot, M., Horsley, T. M., & Sergeant, J. A. (2000). Inhibitory deficits in reading disability depend on subtype: Guessers but not spellers. Child Neuropsychology, 6(4), 297–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mourik, R., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. (2005). The Stroop revisited: A meta-analysis of interference control in AD/HD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 46(2), 150–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlstedt, C., Thorell, L. B., & Bohlin, G. (2008). ADHD symptoms and executive function impairment: Early predictors of later behavioral problems. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33(2), 160–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2004). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (3nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2005). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Australian Standardisation (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Wiebe, S., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. (2011). The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(3), 436–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., Chhabildas, N., & Hulslander, J. (2005). Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 35–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, M., & Blair, C. (2011). Test-retest reliability of a new executive function battery for use in early childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 17(6), 564–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, I., Waterman, M., Prescott, H., & Murdoch-Eaton, D. (2003). A new Stroop-like measure of inhibitory function development: Typical developmental trends. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44(4), 561–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D., & Frye, D. (1997). Cognitive complexity and control: A theory of the development of deliberate reasoning and intentional action. In M. Stamenov (Ed.), Language structure, discourse, and the access to consciousness ( Vol. 12, pp. 113–153). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D., Muller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(3), 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar