Publication Cover
Child Neuropsychology
A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence
Volume 22, 2016 - Issue 3
1,012
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Executive function and psychosocial adjustment in healthy children and adolescents: A latent variable modelling investigation

Pages 292-317 | Received 19 Feb 2014, Accepted 28 Nov 2014, Published online: 08 Jan 2015

REFERENCES

  • Achenbach, T. M. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles (child behavior checklist for ages 6 – 18). Burlington: University of Vermont.
  • Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006). Verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children: Are they separable? Child Development, 77(6), 1698–1716. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00968.x
  • Baraldi, A. N., & Enders, C. K. (2010). An introduction to modern missing data analyses. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 5–37. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2009.10.001
  • Barker, E. D., Séguin, J. R., White, H. R., Bates, M. E., Lacourse, E., Carbonneau, R., & Trembley, R. E. (2007). Developmental trajectories of male physical violence and theft: Relations to neurocognitive performance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 592–599. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.592
  • Baron, I. S. (2004). Neuropsychological evaluation of the child. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Baune, B. T., Fuhr, M., Air, T., & Hering, C. (2014). Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder–a review. Psychiatry Research, 218(3), 261–271. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.052
  • Beauchamp, M. H., & Anderson, V. (2010). SOCIAL: An integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychological Bulletin, 136(1), 39–64. doi:10.1037/a0017768
  • Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2004). Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 26, 571–593. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2602_3
  • Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Trembley, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., … Vitaro, F. et al. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–245. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.222
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Bull, R., & Lee, K. (2014). Executive functioning and mathematics achievement. Child Development Perspectives, 8(1), 36–41. doi:10.1111/cdep.12059
  • Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthen, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456
  • Calkins, S. D., & Marcovitch, S. (2010). Emotion regulation and executive functioning in early development: Integrated mechanisms of control supporting adaptive functioning. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • CeNeS. (1998). Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery (Version 2.3). Cambridge, UK: CeNeS Cognition.
  • Champod, A. S., & Petrides, M. (2010). Dissociation within the frontoparietal network in verbal working memory: A parametric functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(10), 3849–3856. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0097-10.2010
  • Ciairano, S., Visu-Petra, L., & Settanni, M. (2007). Executive inhibitory control and cooperative behavior during early school years: A follow-up study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 335–345. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9094-z
  • Clark, C., Prior, M., & Kinsella, G. (2002). The relationship between executive function abilities, adaptive behaviour, and academic achievement in children with externalising behaviour problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 785–796. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00084
  • Conklin, H. M., Luciana, M., Hooper, C. J., & Yarger, R. S. (2007). Working memory performance in typically developing children and adolescents: Behavioral evidence of protracted frontal lobe development. Developmental Neuropsychology, 31, 103–128. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn3101_6
  • Denckla, M. B. (1994). Measurement of executive function. In G. R. Lyon (Ed.), Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues (pp. 263–277). Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing Company.
  • Diamond, A. (2002). Normal development of prefrontal cortex from birth to young adulthood: Cognitive functions, anatomy, and biochemistry. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 466–503). London, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  • Duncan, J., Johnson, R., Swales, M., & Freer, C. (1997). Frontal lobe deficits after head injury: Unity and diversity of function. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 713–741. doi:10.1080/026432997381420
  • Emerson, C. S., Mollet, G. A., & Harrison, D. W. (2005). Anxious-depression in boys: An evaluation of executive functioning. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 539–546. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.10.003
  • Evans, A. C. (2006). The NIH MRI study of normal brain development. NeuroImage, 30, 184–202. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.068
  • Fernandez-Duque, D., & Johnson, M. L. (2002). Cause and effect theories of attention: The role of conceptual metaphors. Review of General Psychology, 6, 153–165. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.153
  • Forbes, E. E., Shaw, D. S., & Dahl, R. E. (2007). Alterations in reward-related decision making in boys with recent and future depression. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 633–639. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.026
  • Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008). Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 31–60. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31
  • Giancola, P. R., Martin, C. S., Tarter, R. E., Pelham, W. E., & Moss, H. B. (1996). Executive cognitive functioning and aggressive behavior in preadolescent boys at high risk for substance abuse/dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 352–359.
  • Giancola, P. R., Mezzich, A. C., & Tarter, R. E. (1998a). Disruptive, delinquent and aggressive behavior in female adolescents with a psychoactive substance use disorder: Relation to executive cognitive functioning. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 560–567.
  • Giancola, P. R., Mezzich, A. C., & Tarter, R. E. (1998b). Executive cognitive functioning, temperament, and antisocial behavior in conduct-disordered adolescent females. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 629–641. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.4.629
  • Giancola, P. R., Moss, H. B., Martin, C. S., Kirisci, L., & Tarter, R. E. (1996). Executive cognitive functioning predicts reactive aggression in boys at high risk for substance abuse: A prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20, 740–744. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01680.x
  • Gioia, G., Isquith, P., Guy, S., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). The behavior rating inventory of executive function. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function. Child Development, 58, 601–622. doi:10.2307/1130201
  • Graham, J. W., Cumsille, P. E., & Elek-Fisk, E. (2003). Methods for handling missing data. In J. A. Schinka & W. F. Velicer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology, Vol. 2 (pp. 87–114). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Halari, R., Simic, M., Pariante, C. M., Papadopoulos, A., Cleare, A., Brammer, M., … Rubia, K. (2009). Reduced activation in lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate during attention and cognitive control functions in medication-naïve adolescents with depression compared to controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 307–316. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01972.x
  • Hoaken, P. N., Shaughnessy, V. K., & Pihl, R. O. (2003). Executive cognitive functioning and aggression: Is it an issue of impulsivity? Aggressive Behavior, 29, 15–30.
  • Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117–144. doi:10.1080/03610739208253916
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2011). Individual differences in growth in executive function across the transition to school predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors and self-perceived academic success at 6 years of age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 663–676. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.005
  • Hughes, C., Ensor, R., Wilson, A., & Graham, A. (2010). Tracking executive function across the transition to school: A latent variable approach. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(1), 20–36. doi:10.1080/87565640903325691
  • Huizinga, M., Dolan, C. V., & Van Der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017–2036. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.010
  • Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. (2007). LISREL 8.80. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (1998). NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
  • Kusché, C. A., Cook, E. T., & Greenberg, M. T. (1993). Neuropsychological and cognitive functioning in children with anxiety, externalizing, and comorbid psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 172–195. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2202_5
  • Kyte, Z. A., Goodyer, I. M., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005). Selected executive skills in adolescents with recent first episode major depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 995–1005. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00400.x
  • Lee, K., Bull, R., & Ho, R. M. H. (2013). Developmental changes in executive functioning. Child Development, 84(6), 1933–1953. doi:10.1111/cdev.12096
  • Lehto, J. E., Juujarvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 59–80. doi:10.1348/026151003321164627
  • Levin, H. S., Culhane, K. A., Hartman, J., Evankovich, K., Mattson, A., Harward, H., … Fletcher, J. M. (1991). Developmental changes in performance on tests of purported frontal lobe functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 377–395.
  • Little, D. M., Kraus, M. F., Joseph, J., Geary, E. K., Susmaras, T., Zhou, X. J., & Gorelick, P. B. (2010). Thalamic integrity underlies executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. Neurology, 74(7), 558–564.
  • Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis (4th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Martel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L. I., … Zucker, R. A. (2007). Childhood and adolescent resiliency, regulation, and executive functioning in relation to adolescent problems and competence in a high-risk sample. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 541–563.
  • McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64–82.
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100.
  • Moffitt, T. E. (1993). The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 135–151.
  • Morrison, F. J., Ponitz, C. C., & McClelland, M. M. (2010). Self-regulation and academic achievement in the transition to school. In S. D. Calkins & M. A. Bell (Eds.), Child development at the intersection of emotion and cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Nigg, J. T., Quamma, J. P., Greenberg, M. T., & Kusché, C. A. (1999). A two-year longitudinal study of neuropsychological and cognitive performance in relation to behavioral problems and competencies in elementary school children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 51–63.
  • Paschall, M. J., & Fishbein, D. H. (2002). Executive cognitive functioning and aggression: A public health perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 7, 215–235.
  • Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51–87.
  • Provost, J. S., Petrides, M., & Monchi, O. (2010). Dissociating the role of the caudate nucleus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the monitoring of events within human working memory. European Journal of Neuroscience, 32(5), 873–880.
  • Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Smidts, D. P., Sergeant, J. A., Maassen, G. H., Posthumus, J. A., Van Engeland, H., & Matthys, W. (2008). Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: Impairments in inhibitory control. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 1097–1107.
  • Razza, R. A., & Blair, C. (2009). Associations among false-belief understanding, executive function, and social competence: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 332–343.
  • Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., & Domitrovich, C. E. (2009). The contribution of inhibitory control to preschoolers’ social-emotional competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 310–320.
  • Riggs, N. R., Blair, C. B., & Greenberg, M. T. (2003). Concurrent and 2-year longitudinal relations between executive function and the behavior of 1st and 2nd grade children. Child Neuropsychology, 9, 267–276.
  • Riggs, N. R., Jahromi, L. B., Razza, R. P., Dillworth-Bart, J. E., & Mueller, U. (2006). Executive function and the promotion of social-emotional competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 300–309.
  • Robbins, T. W. (1996). Dissociating executive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 351, 1463–1471.
  • Romer, D., Betancourt, L., Brodsky, N. L., Gianetta, J. M., Yang, W., & Hurt, H. (2011). Does adolescents risk taking imply weak executive function? A prospective study of relations between working memory performance, impulsivity, and risk taking in early adolescence. Developmental Science, 14(5), 1119–1133.
  • Romer, D., Betancourt, L., Giannetta, J. M., Brodsky, N. L., Farrah, M., & Hurt, H. (2009). Executive cognitive functions and impulsivity as correlates of risk taking and problem behavior in preadolescents. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2916–2926.
  • Séguin, J. R. (2004). Neurocognitive elements of antisocial behavior: Relevance of an orbitofrontal cortex account. Brain and Cognition, 55, 185–197.
  • Séguin, J. R., Boulerice, B., Harden, P. W., Tremblay, R. E., & Pihl, R. O. (1999). Executive functions and physical aggression after controlling for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, general memory, and IQ. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1197–1208.
  • Séguin, J. R., Nagin, D., Assaad, J.-M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2004). Cognitive-neuropsychological function in chronic physical aggression and hyperactivity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 603–613.
  • Séguin, J. R., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005). Executive function in early physical aggression. In R. E. Trembley, W. W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Stanford, M. S., Greve, K. W., & Gerstle, J. E. (1997). Neuropsychological correlates of self-reported impulsive aggression in a college sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 961–965.
  • Stoodley, C. J., & Schmahmann, J. D. (2010). Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. Cortex, 46(7), 831–844.
  • Stuss, D. T. (1992). Biological and psychological development of executive functions. Brain and Cognition, 20, 8–23.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 59(2-3, Serial No. 240), (pp. 25–52). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Thompson, R. A., & Meyer, A. (2007). Socialization of emotion regulation in the family. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Van der Sluis, S., De Jong, P. F., & Van Der Leij, A. (2007). Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic. Intelligence, 35, 427–449.
  • Van der Ven, S. H., Kroesbergen, E. H., Boom, J., & Leseman, P. P. (2012). The development of executive functions and early mathematics: A dynamic relationship. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(Pt 1), 100–119.
  • Waber, D. P., De Moor, C., Forbes, P. W., Almli, C. R., Botteron, K. N., Leonard, G., … The Brain Development Cooperative Group. (2007). The NIH MRI study of normal brain development: Performance of a population based sample of healthy children aged 6 to 18 years on a neuropsychological battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 729–746.
  • Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler adult intelligence scale (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
  • Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. New York, NY: Psychological Corporation.
  • Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 131–149.
  • Wiebe, S. A., Espy, K., & Charak, D. (2008). Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children I. Latent structure. Developmental Psychology, 44, 575–587.
  • Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A. (2011). The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 436–452.
  • Yeates, K. O., Bigler, E. D., Dennis, M., Gerhardt, C. A., Rubin, K. H., Stancin, T., … Vannatta, K. (2007). Social outcomes in childhood brain disorder: A heuristic integration of social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 535–556.
  • Zelazo, P. D., Carter, A., Reznick, J. S., & Frye, D. (1997). Early development of executive function: A problem-solving framework. Review of General Psychology, 1, 198–226.
  • Zelazo, P. D., & Cunningham, W. A. (2007). Executive function: Mechanisms underlying emotion regulation. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Zelazo, P. D., Müller, U., Frye, D., & Marcovitch, S. (2003). The development of executive function in early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68, 3.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.