Publication Cover
Child Neuropsychology
A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence
Volume 24, 2018 - Issue 4
1,629
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sequenced neurocognitive and behavioral parent training for the treatment of ADHD in school-age children

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 427-450 | Received 07 Jul 2016, Accepted 03 Jan 2017, Published online: 23 Feb 2017

References

  • Abikoff, H., Gallagher, R., Wells, K. C., Murray, D. W., Huang, L., Lu, F., & Petkova, E. (2013). Remediating organizational functioning in children with ADHD: Immediate and long-term effects from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(1), 113. doi:10.1037/a0029648
  • Alloway, T. P. (2007). Automated Working Memory Assessment. Oxford: Harcourt.
  • Antshel, K. M., & Barkley, R. (2008). Psychosocial interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychitaric Clincs of North America, 17, 421–437. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.005
  • Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Barkley, R. A., Koplowitz, S., Anderson, T., & McMurray, M. B. (1997). Sense of time in children with ADHD: Effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3(4), 359–369.
  • Belsky, J., Pasco Fearon, R. M., & Bell, B. (2007). Parenting, attention and externalizing problems: Testing mediation longitudinally, repeatedly and reciprocally. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1233–1242. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2007.48.issue-12
  • Bigorra, A., Garolera, M., Guijarro, S., & Hervás, A. (2016). Long-term far-transfer effects of working memory training in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1–15.
  • Bolden, J., Rapport, M. D., Raiker, J. S., Sarver, D. E., & Kofler, M. J. (2012). Understanding phonological memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Dissociation of short-term storage and articulatory rehearsal processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 999–1011. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9619-6
  • Borckardt, J. J., Nash, M. R., Murphy, M. D., Moore, M., Shaw, D., & O’Neil, P. (2008). Clinical practice as natural laboratory for psychotherapy research: A guide to case-based time-series analysis. American Psychologist, 63(2), 77–95. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.2.77
  • Bowie, C. R., McGurk, S. R., Mausbach, B., Patterson, T. L., & Harvey, P. (2012). Combined cognitive remediation and functional skills training for schizophrenia: Effects on cognition, functional competence, and real-world behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 710–718. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091337
  • Burke, J. D., Pardini, D. A., & Loeber, R. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between parenting behavior and disruptive psychopathology from childhood through adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(5), 679–692. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9219-7
  • Chacko, A., Alan, C., Uderman, J., Cornwell, M., Anderson, L., & Chimiklis, A. (2015). Training parents of children with ADHD. In R. Barkley (Ed.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed., pp. 513–536). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Chacko, A., Bedard, A., Marks, D., Feirsen, N., Uderman, J., Chimiklis, A., … Ramon, M. (2014). A randomized clinical trial of cogmed working memory training in school-age children with ADHD: A replication in a diverse sample using a control condition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 247–255. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2014.55.issue-3
  • Chacko, A., Feirsen, N., Marks, D., Bedard, A. C., Uderman, J., & Chimiklis, A. (2013). Cogmed working memory training for youth with ADHD: A closer examination of efficacy utilizing evidence-based criteria. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 769–783. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.787622
  • Chacko, A., Kofler, M., & Jarrett, M. (2014). Improving outcomes for youth with ADHD: Conceptual framework for combined neurocognitive and skill-based treatment approaches. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17, 368–384. doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0171-5
  • Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Arnold, F. W., Pelham, W. E., Swanger-Gagne, M., Girio, E. L., … O’Connor, B. (2009). Enhancing traditional behavioral parent training for single-mothers of children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 206–218. doi:10.1080/15374410802698388
  • Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Flammer-Rivera, L., Pelham, W. E., Walker, K. S., Arnold, F., … Herbst, L. (2008). A pilot study of the feasibility and efficacy of the strategies to enhance positive parenting program for single mothers of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(3), 270–280. doi:10.1177/1087054707306119
  • Chronis, A. M., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Roberts, J. E., & Aronoff, H. R. (2003). The impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing for children with ADHD on parent and parent-child domains. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 118–126.
  • Daley, D., Van der Oord, S., Ferrin, M., Danckaerts, M., Doepfner, M., Cortese, S., … European ADHD Guidelines Group. (2014). Behavioral interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across multiple outcome domains. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(8), 835–847. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.013
  • Doshi, J. A., Hodgkins, P., Kahle, J., Sikirica, V., Cangelosi, M. J., Setyawan, J., … Neumann, P. J. (2012). Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(10), 990–1002. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.008
  • Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. M. (2012). Can motivation normalize working memory and task persistence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? The effects of money and computer-gaming. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 669–681. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9601-8
  • Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. M. (2015). Improving executive functioning in children with ADHD: Training multiple executive functions within the context of a computer game. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial. PLoS One, 10(4), e0121651. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121651
  • DuPaul, G. J., Eckert, T. L., & Vilardo, B. (2012). The effects of school-based interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis 1996-2010. School Psychology Review, 41(4), 387.
  • Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., Spinrad, T. L., Valiente, C., Fabes, R. A., & Liew, J. (2005). Relations among positive parenting, children’s effortful control, and externalizing problems: A three wave longitudinal study. Child Development, 76, 1055–1071. doi:10.1111/cdev.2005.76.issue-5
  • Ellis, B., & Nigg, J. (2009). Parenting practices and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: New findings suggest partial specificity of effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(2), 146–154. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819176d0
  • Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., & Bunford, N. (2014). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(4), 527–551. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700
  • Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Coles, E. K., Gnagy, E. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., & O’Connor, B. C. (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical psychology review, 29(2), 129–140.
  • Fabiano, G. A., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Kipp, H., Lahey, B. B., Burrows-MacLean, L., & Chronis, A. M. (2006). The reliability and validity of the children’s impairment rating Scale: A practical measure of impairment in children with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 369–385. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3503_3
  • Gibson, B. S., Kronenberger, W. G., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Morrissey, R. A., & Steeger, C. M. (2012). Component analysis of simple span vs. complex span adaptive working memory exercises: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(3), 179–184. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.005
  • Gray, S. A., Chaban, R., Martinussen, R., Goldberg, H., Gotlieb, R., Kronitz, R., … Tannock, R. (2012). Effects of a computerized working memory training program on working memory, attention, and academics in adolescents with severe LD and comorbid ADHD: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 1277–1284. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02592.x
  • Graziano, P. A., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2011). Sustained attention development during the toddlerhood to preschool period: Associations with toddlers’ emotion regulation strategies and maternal behaviour. Infant and Child Development, 20, 389–408. doi:10.1002/icd.v20.6
  • Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004). Move over ANOVA: Progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the archives of general psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(3), 310–317. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310
  • Halperin, J. M., & Healey, D. (2011). The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 621–634. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.006
  • Harold, G. T., Leve, L. D., Barrett, D., Elam, K., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., … Thapar, A. (2013). Biological and rearing mother influences on child ADHD symptoms: Revisiting the developmental interface between nature and nurture. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(10), 1038–1046. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12100
  • Harrison, J. R., Bunford, N., Evans, S. W., & Owens, J. S. (2013). Educational accommodations for students with behavioral challenges: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 83(4), 551–597.
  • Harwood, M. D., & Eyberg, S. M. (2006). Child-directed interaction: Prediction of change in impaired mother-child functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 335–347. doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9025-z
  • Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Frost, A. D., & Russell, A. (2013). Parenting practices and prospective levels of hyperactivity/inattention across early-and middle-childhood. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 35(3), 273–282. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9341-x
  • Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., Place, M., Dunning, D. L., Hilton, K. A., & Elliott, J. G. (2010). Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 827–836. doi:10.1002/acp.1589
  • Huang-Pollock, C. L., & Karalunas, S. L. (2010). Working memory demands impair skill acquisition in children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119(1), 174. doi:10.1037/a0017862
  • Jarrett, M. A. (2013). Treatment of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety in children: Processes of change. Psychological Assessment, 25, 545–555. doi:10.1037/a0031749
  • Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., Vitiello, B., Abikoff, H. B., Greenhill, L. L., … Hur, K. (2007). 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 989–1002. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3180686d48
  • Jensen, S. A., & Grimes, L. K. (2010). Increases in parent attendance to behavioral parent training due to concurrent child treatment groups. Child & Youth Care Forum, 39(4), 239–251. doi:10.1007/s10566-010-9101-y
  • Johnston, C., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2014). Families and ADHD. In Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, Guilford Publications.
  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., & Ryan, N. (1997). Kiddie-SADS Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL).
  • Keown, L. J. (2012). Predictors of boys’ ADHD symptoms from early to middle childhood: The role of father–child and mother–child interactions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(4), 569–581. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9586-3
  • Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., … Westerberg, H. (2005). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD–a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(2), 177–186. doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010
  • Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D. E., & Raiker, J. S. (2010). ADHD and working memory: The impact of central executive deficits and exceeding storage/rehearsal capacity on observed inattentive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 149–161. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9357-6
  • Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., & Alderson, R. M. (2011). Working memory deficits and social problems in children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 805–817. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9492-8
  • Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002). Mediators and moderators of treatment effects in randomized clinical trials. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(10), 877–883. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877
  • Langberg, J. M., & Becker, S. P. (2012). Does long-term medication use improve the academic outcomes of youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?. Clinical child and family psychology review, 15(3), 215–233.
  • Lee, P., Niew, W., Yang, H., Chen, V., & Lin, K. (2012). A meta-analysis of behavioral parent training for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33, 2040–2049. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.05.011
  • Marks, D. J., Mlodnicka, A., Bernstein, M., Chacko, A., Rose, S., & Halperin, J. M. (2009). Profiles of service utilization and associated economic morbidity in preschool children with ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(6), 681–689. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn112
  • Martinussen, R., Hayden, J., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Tannock, R. (2005). A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(4), 377–384. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73
  • McGrath, L. M., Pennington, B. F., Shanahan, M. A., Santerre‐Lemmon, L. E., Barnard, H. D., Willcutt, E. G., … Olson, R. K. (2011). A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Searching for shared cognitive deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(5), 547–557. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2011.52.issue-5
  • McGurk, S. R., Twamley, E. W., Sitzer, D. I., McHugo, G. J., & Mueser, K. T. (2007). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(12), 1791–1802.
  • Mikami, A. Y., Griggs, M. S., Lerner, M. D., Emeh, C. C., Reuland, M. M., Jack, A., & Anthony, M. R. (2013). A randomized trial of a classroom intervention to increase peers’ social inclusion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(1), 100. doi:10.1037/a0029654
  • Mikami, A. Y., Lerner, M. D., Griggs, M. S., McGrath, A., & Calhoun, C. D. (2010). Parental influence on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. Results of a pilot intervention training parents as friendship coaches for children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 737–749. doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9403-4
  • Molina, B., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P., … Houck, P. R. (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 484–500. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23d0
  • MTA Cooperative Group. (1999). Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 56(12), 1073–1086.
  • Nakao, K., & Treas, J. (1994). Updating occupational prestige and socioeconomic scores: How the new measures measure up. Sociological Methodology, 24, 1–72. doi:10.2307/270978
  • Neville, H. J., Steven, C., Pakulak, E., Bell, T. A., Fanning, J., Klein, S., & Isbell, E. (2013). Family-based training program improves brain function, cognition, and behavior in lower socioeconomic status preschoolers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 12138–12143. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304437110
  • Pelham, W. E., Foster, E. M., & Robb, J. A. (2007). The economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 711–727. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm022
  • Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Greenslade, K. E., & Milich, R. (1992). Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 210–218. doi:10.1097/00004583-199203000-00006
  • Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 942–948. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942
  • Raiker, J. S., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., & Sarver, D. E. (2012). Objectively-measured impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): testing competing predictions from the working memory and behavioral inhibition models of ADHD. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 40(5), 699–713.
  • Rajwan, E., Chacko, A., & Moeller, M. (2012). Nonpharmacological interventions for preschool ADHD: State of the evidence and implications for practice. Professional Psychology-Research and Practice, 43(5), 520.
  • Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., & Alderson, R. M. (2009). Hyperactivity in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A ubiquitous core symptom or manifestation of working memory deficits? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 521–534. doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9287-8
  • Rapport, M. D., Chung, K., Shore, G., & Isaacs, P. (2001). A conceptual model of child psychopathology: Implications for understanding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment efficacy. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 48–58. doi:10.1207/S15374424JCCP3001_6
  • Rapport, M. D., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., & Friedman, L. M. (2013). Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD: A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 1237–1252. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.005
  • Rhodes, S. M., Park, J., Seth, S., & Coghill, D. R. (2012). A comprehensive investigation of memory impairment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 128–137. doi:10.1111/jcpp.2012.53.issue-2
  • Richey, J. A., Ellard, K. K., Siegle, G., Price, R., Mohlman, J., De Raedt, R., … Weissman, A. S. (2013). Closing the gap between science and practice: Report from the neurocognitive therapies/translational research special interest group. The Behavior Therapist, 36, 158–160.
  • Riddle, M., Yershova, K., Lazzaretto, D., Paykina, N., Yenokyan, G., Greenhill, L., … Posner, K. (2013). The Preschool Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Treatment study (PATS) 6-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 264–278.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.007
  • Rubia, K., Alegria, A. A., Cubillo, A. I., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., & Radua, J. (2014). Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 76(8), 616628.
  • Sarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Koffler, M. J., Scanlan, S. W., Raiker, J. S., Altro, T. A., & Bolden, J. (2012). Attention problems, phonological short-term memory, and visuo-spatial short-term memory: Differential effects on near- and long-term scholastic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 8–19.
  • Schopler, E., Reichler, J., & Renner, B. (1988). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (C.A.R.S.). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
  • Shaffer, D., Gould, M. S., Brasic, J., Ambrosini, P., Fisher, P., Bird, H., & Aluwahlia, S. (1983). A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Archives of General psychiatry, 40(11), 1228–1231.
  • Shechner, T., Rimon-Chakir, A., Britton, J. C., Lotan, D., Apter, A., Bliese, P. D., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2014). Attention bias modification treatment augmenting effects on cognitive behavioral therapy in children with anxiety: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 61–71.
  • Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012). Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1, 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003
  • Sibley, M. H., Kuriyan, A. B., Evans, S. W., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Smith, B. H. (2014). Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for adolescents with ADHD: An updated systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(3), 218–232. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.02.001
  • Siegle, G. J., Ghinassi, F., & Thase, M. E. (2007). Neurobehavioral therapies in the 21st century: Summary of an emerging field and an extended example of cognitive control training for depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 235–262. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9118-6
  • Siegle, G. J., Price, R. B., Jones, N., Ghinassi, F., Painter, T., & Thase, M. E. (2014). You gotta work at it: Pupillary indices of task focus are prognostic for response to a neurocognitive intervention for depression. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 455–471.
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Brandeis, D., Cortese, S., Daley, D., Ferrin, M., Holtmann, M., … Sergeant, J. (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 275–289. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991
  • Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Thompson, M., Daley, D., Laver-Bradbury, C., & Weeks, A. (2001). Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 402–408. doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00008
  • StataCorp. (2015). Stata statistical software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
  • Steeger, C. M., Gondoli, D. M., Gibson, B. S., & Morrissey, R. A. (2016). Combined cognitive and parent training interventions for adolescents with ADHD and their mothers: A randomized controlled trial. Child Neuropsychology, 22(4), 394–419. doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.994485
  • Swanson, James M., Helena C. Kraemer, Stephen P. Hinshaw, L. Eugene Arnold, C. Keith Conners, Howard B. Abikoff, Walter Clevenger et al. “Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment.” Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 40, no. 2 (2001): 168–179.
  • Thorell, L. B., Rydell, A. M., & Bohlin, G. (2012). Parent–child attachment and executive functioning in relation to ADHD symptoms in middle childhood. Attachment & Human Development, 14(5), 517–532. doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.706396
  • Van der Oord, S., Prins, P. J., Oosterlaan, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2008). Efficacy of methylphenidate, psychosocial treatments and their combination in school-aged children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 28(5), 783–800.
  • Wechsler, D. (1999). Manual for the Wechsler abbreviated intelligence scale (WASI). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Wexler, B. E. (2013). Integrated brain and body exercises for ADHD and related problems with attention and executive function. International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations (IJGCMS), 5(3), 10–26. doi:10.4018/IJGCMS
  • Willcutt, E. G., Nigg, J. T., Pennington, B. F., Solanto, M., Rohde, L. A., Tannock, R., … Lahey, B. B. (2012). Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 991–1010. doi:10.1037/a0027347
  • Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S. R., & Czobor, P. (2011). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: Methodology and effect sizes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 472–485. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.