Effects of inter-character spacing on saccade programming in beginning readers and dyslexics

References

• Bakeman, R. (2005). Recommended effect size statistics for repeated measures designs. Behavior Research Methods, 37(3), 379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellocchi, S., Mancini, J., Jover, M., Huau, A., Ghio, A., André, C., & Ducrot, S. (2013a, August–September). Dyslexic readers and saccade computation: Effects of reading exposure and visuo-perceptual constraints. Poster presented at the XVIIIth ESCoP Conference, Budapest, Hungary.
   Google Scholar
• Bellocchi, S., Muneaux, M., Bastien-Toniazzo, M., & Ducrot, S. (2013b). I can read it in your eyes: What eye movements tell us about visuo-attentional processes in developmental dyslexia? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 452–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellocchi, S., Muneaux, M., Huau, A., Lévêque, Y., Jover, M., & Ducrot, S. (2017). Exploring the link between visual perception, visual-motor integration, and reading in normal developing and impaired children using DTVP-2. Dyslexia, 23(3), 296–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biscaldi, M., Fischer, B., & Hartnegg, K. (2000). Voluntary saccadic control in dyslexia. Perception, 29(5), 509–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blythe, H. I. (2014). Developmental changes in eye movements and visual information encoding associated with learning to read. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(3), 201–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blythe, H. I., & Joseph, H. S. S. I. (2011). Children’s eye movements during reading. In S. P. Liversedge, I. D. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 643–662). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bosse, M. L., Tainturier, M. J., & Valdois, S. (2007). Developmental dyslexia: The visual attention span deficit hypothesis. Cognition, 104, 198–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coeffé, C., & O’Regan, J. K. (1987). Reducing the influence of non-target stimuli on saccade accuracy: Predictability and latency effects. Vision Research, 27, 227–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducrot, S., Lété, B., Descottes, C., Muneaux, M., & Ghio, A. (2006). The Emaa (EyeMovement acquisition and analysis) software package (Unpublished Technical Report (67 p.)). University of Provence.
   Google Scholar
• Ducrot, S., & Pynte, J. (2002). What determines the eyes’ landing position in words? Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 1130–1144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducrot, S., Pynte, J., Ghio, A., & Lété, B. (2013). Visual and linguistic determinants of the eyes’ initial fixation position in reading development. Acta Psychologica, 142, 287–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, J. M. (1982). Global processing for saccadic eye movements. Vision Research, 22, 1033–1045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., & Weber, H. (1990). Saccadic reaction times of dyslexic and age-matched normal subjects. Perception, 19(6), 805–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagl, B., Hawelka, S., & Hutzler, F. (2014). A similar correction mechanism in slow and fluent readers after suboptimal landing positions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gori, S., & Facoetti, A. (2015). How the visual aspects can be crucial in reading acquisition? The intriguing case of crowding and developmental dyslexia. Journal of Vision, 15(1), 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami, U., Power, A. J., Lallier, M., & Facoetti, A. (2014). Oscillatory “temporal sampling” and development dyslexia: Toward an over-archid theoretical framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häikiö, T., Bertram, R., Hyönä, J., & Niemi, P. (2009). Development of the letter identity span in reading: Evidence from the eye movement moving window paradigm. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 167–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakvoort, B., van den Boer, M., Leenaars, T., Bos, P., & Tijms, J. (2017). Improvements in reading accuracy as a result of increased interletter spacing are not specific to children with dyslexia. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 164, 101–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautala, J., Hyönä, J., & Aro, M. (2011). Dissociating spatial and letter-based word length effects observed in readers’ eye movement patterns. Vision Research, 51(15), 1719–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautala, J., & Loberg, O. (2015). Breaking down the word length effect on readers’ eye movements. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30(8), 993–1007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawelka, S., Gagl, B., & Wimmer, H. (2010). A dual-route perspective on eye movements of dyslexic readers. Cognition, 115, 367–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermena, E. W., Liversedge, S. P., & Drieghe, D. (2016). Parafoveal processing of Arabic diacritical marks. Human Perception & Performance, 42(12), 2021–2038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huestegge, L., Radach, R., Corbic, D., & Huestegge, S. (2009). Oculomotor and linguistic determinants of reading development: A longitudinal study. Vision Research, 49, 2948–2959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyönä, J., & Bertram, R. (2011). Optimal viewing position effects in reading Finnish. Vision Research, 51, 1279–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyönä, J., & Pollatsek, A. (1998). Reading Finnish compound words: Eye fixations are affected by component morphemes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24(6), 1612–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inhoff, A. W., Radach, R., Eiter, B. M., & Juhasz, B. (2003). Distinct subsystems for the parafoveal processing of spatial and linguistic information during eye fixations in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56A, 803–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jainta, S., & Kapoula, Z. (2011). Dyslexic children are confronted with unstable binocular fixation while reading. PLoSOne, 6, 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, H. S. S. L., Liversedge, S. P., Blythe, H. I., White, S. J., & Rayner, K. (2009). Word length and landing position effects during reading in children and adults. Vision Research, 49, 2078–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. W., Legge, G. E., & Ortiz, A. (2003). Is word recognition different in central and peripheral vision? Vision Research, 43(26), 2837–2846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefavrais, P. (1967). Test de l’Alouette. Paris: ECPA.
   Google Scholar
• Lefavrais, P. (2005). Test de l’Alouette-R. Paris: ECPA.
   Google Scholar
• Legge, G. E., Klitz, T. S., & Tjan, B. S. (1997). Mr. Chips: An ideal-observer model of reading. Psychological Review, 104(3), 524–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lété, B., Sprenger-Charolles, L., & Colé, P. (2004). Manulex: A grade-level lexical database from French elementary-school readers. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments,& Computers, 36, 156–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacKeben, M., Trauzettel-Klosinski, S., Reinhard, J., Durrwachter, U., Adler, M., & Klosinski, G. (2004). Eye movement control during single-word reading in dyslexics. Journal of Vision, 4(5), 388–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli, M., Di Filippo, G., Spinelli, D., & Zoccolotti, P. (2009). Crowding, reading, and developmental dyslexia. Journal of Vision, 9(4), 1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D., & Zola, D. (1988). Eye movement control during reading: The location of initial eye fixations on words. Vision Research, 27, 227–240.
   Google Scholar
• McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., Reddix, M. D., Zola, D., & Jacobs, A. M. (1989). Eye movement control during reading: II. Frequency of refixating a word. Perception & Psychophysics, 46, 245–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 578–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, S. A. (2006). Effects of number-of-letters on eye movements during reading are independent from spatial word length. Visual Cognition, 13, 89–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuthmann, A., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. (2005). Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 45(17), 2201–2217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Regan, J. K., & Lévy-Schoen, A. (1987). Eye movement strategy and tactics in word recognition and reading. In M. Coltheart (Ed.), Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading (pp. 363–383). Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Pelli, D. G., & Tillman, K. A. (2008). The uncrowded window of object recognition. Nature Neuroscience, 11(10), 1129–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea, M., Giner, L., Marcet, A., & Gomez, P. (2016). Does extra interletter spacing help text reading in skilled adult readers? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19, E26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea, M., & Gómez, P. (2012a). Increasing interletter spacing facilitates encoding of words. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 19, 332–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea, M., & Gómez, P. (2012b). Subtle increases in interletter spacing facilitate the encoding of words during normal reading. PLoS One, 7(10), e47568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perea, M., Panadero, V., Moret-Tatay, C., & Gomez, P. (2012). The effects of inter-letter spacing in visual-word recognition: Evidence with young normal readers and developmental dyslexics. Learn Instruction, 22, 420–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radach, R., & McConkie, G. W. (1998). Determinants of fixation positions in words during reading. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 77–100). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (1979). Eye guidance in reading: Fixation location within words. Perception, 8, 21–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (1986). Eye movements and the perceptual span in beginning and skilled readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 41, 211–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (2009). The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture. Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1457–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., & Bertera, J. H. (1979). Reading without a fovea. Science, 206, 468–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., Fischer, M. H., & Pollatsek, A. (1998). Unspaced text interferes with both word identification and eye movement control. Vision Research, 38, 1129–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., & McConkie, G. W. (1976). What guides a reader’s eye movements? Vision Research, 16, 829–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., & Morrison, R. M. (1981). Eye movements and identifying words in parafoveal vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 17, 135–138.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, S., Hyönä, J., & Liversedge, S. P. (2015). Developmental eye-tracking research in reading: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(5), 500–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery, T. J., & Rayner, K. (2013). Effects of intraword and interword spacing on eye movements during reading: Exploring the optimal use of space in a line of text. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 75, 1275–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slattery, T. J., Yates, M., & Angele, B. (2016). Inter-word and Inter-letter spacing effects during reading revisited: Interactions with word and font characteristics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(4), 406–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli, D., De Luca, M., Judica, A., & Zoccolotti, P. (2002). Crowding effects on word identification in developmental dyslexia. Cortex, 38, 179–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitu, F., McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P., & O’Regan, J. K. (2001). Fixation location effects on fixation durations during reading: An inverted optimal viewing position effect. Vision Research, 41(25–26), 3513–3533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitu, F., O’Regan, J. K., Inhoff, A. W., & Topolski, R. (1995). Mindless reading: Eye-movement characteristics are similar in scanning letter strings and reading texts. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 352–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorstius, C., Radach, R., & Lonigan, C. J. (2014). Eye movements in developing readers: A comparison of silent and oral sentence reading. Visual Cognition, 22(3–4), 458–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2005). Echelle d’Intelligence pour Enfants et Adolescents (4ème ed.). Paris: ECPA.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. (2008). 59th general assembly.In: Association WM, editor. Seoul, Korea: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Yan, M., Zhou, W., Shu, H., Yusupu, R., Miao, D., Krügel, A., & Kliegl, R. (2014). Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language. Cognition, 132(2), 181–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zorzi, M., Barbiero, C., Facoetti, A., Lonciari, I., Carrozzi, M., Montico, M., … Ziegler, J. C. (2012). Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 109(28), 11455–11459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar