Individual differences in ERP measures of executive function in early childhood: Relation to low-risk preterm birth and parent-reported behavior

References

• Aarnoudse-Moens, C. S. H., and Smidts, D. P. (2009). Executive function in very preterm children at early school age. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 981–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abundis-Gutiérrez, A., Checa, P., Castellanos, C., and Rueda, M. R. (2014). Electrophysiological correlates of attention networks in childhood and early adulthood. Neuropsychologia, 57(1), 78–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez, J. A., and Emory, E. (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 16(1), 17–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. J., and Doyle, L. W., Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. (2004). Executive functioning in school-aged children who were born very preterm or with extremely low birth weight in the 1990s. Pediatrics, 1141, 50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. J., Howard, K., and Doyle, L. W. (2010). Executive function development in preterm children. In C. Nosarti, R. M. Murray, & M. Hack (Eds.), Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm birth: From childhood to adult life (pp. 195–208). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, G., Boardman, J. P., Rueckert, D., Aljabar, P., Arichi, T., Merchant, N., … Counsell, S. J. (2012). The effect of preterm birth on thalamic and cortical development. Cerebral Cortex, 22(5), 1016–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, I. S., Erickson, K., Ahronovich, M. D., Coulehan, K., Baker, R., and Litman, F. R. (2009). Visuospatial and verbal fluency relative deficits in “complicated” late-preterm preschool children. Early Human Development, 85(12), 751–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, I. S., Kerns, K. A., Muller, U., Ahronovich, M. D., and Litman, F. R. (2012). Executive functions in extremely low birth weight and late-preterm preschoolers: Effects on working memory and response inhibition. Child Neuropsychology, 18(6), 586–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best, J. R., and Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81(6), 1641–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjuland, K. J., Rimol, L. M., Løhaugen, G. C. C., and Skranes, J. (2014). Brain volumes and cognitive function in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) young adults. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 18(5), 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. T., and Jernigan, T. L. (2012). Brain development during the preschool years. Neuropsychology Review, 22(4), 313–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumbaugh, J. E., Hodel, A. S., and Thomas, K. M. (2014). The impact of late preterm birth on executive function at preschool age. American Journal of Perinatology, 31(4), 305–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brydges, C. R., Fox, A. M., Reid, C. L., and Anderson, M. (2014). Predictive validity of the N2 and P3 ERP components to executive functioning in children: A latent-variable analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(February), 80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buss, K. A., Dennis, T. A., Brooker, R. J., and Sippel, L. M. (2011). An ERP study of conflict monitoring in 4-8-year old children: Associations with temperament. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(2), 131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. M., Zayas, V., and Guthormsen, A. (2009). Neural correlates of decision making on a gambling task. Child Development, 80(4), 1076–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, B. J., Somerville, L. H., Gotlib, I. H., Ayduk, O., Franklin, N. T., Askren, M. K., … Shoda, Y. (2011). Behavioral and neural correlates of delay of gratification 40 years later. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(36), 14998–15003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepeda, N. J., Blackwell, K. A., and Munakata, Y. (2013). Speed isn’t everything: Complex processing speed measures mask individual differences and developmental changes in executive control. Developmental Science, 16(2), 269–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, E., and Quigley, M. A. (2014). School performance at age 7 years in late preterm and early term birth: A cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 99(6), F451–F457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevalier, N., Kelsey, K. M., Wiebe, S. A., and Espy, K. A. (2014). The temporal dynamic of response inhibition in early childhood: An ERP study of partial and successful inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology, 39(8), 585–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chyi, L. J., Lee, H. C., Hintz, S. R., Gould, J. B., and Sutcliffe, T. L. (2008). School outcome in late preterm infants: Special needs and challenges for infants born at 32 to 36 weeks gestation. Journal of Pediatrics, 153, 25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, M., Cruess, L., Diamond, A., O’Craven, K. M., and Savoy, R. L. (1999). Comparison of executive functions in children and adults using directional Stroop tasks. In Biennial meeting of the society for research in child development, April, Albuquerque, NM.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, E. P., Bruce, J., Snyder, K., and Nelson, C. A. (2003). The X-trials: Neural correlates of an inhibitory control task in children and adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(3), 432–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delorme, A., and Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A., and Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4–12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downes, M., Bathelt, J. O. E., and Haan, M. D. E. (2017). Event-related potential measures of executive functioning from preschool to adolescence. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 59, 581–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eigsti, I. M., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M. B., … Casey, B. J. (2006). Predicting cognitive control from preschool to late adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological Science, 17(6), 478–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinet, S. D., Anderson, J. E., and Zelazo, P. D. (2012). N2 amplitude as a neural marker of executive function in young children: An ERP study of children who switch versus perseverate on the dimensional change card sort. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2, S49–S58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinet, S. D., Anderson, J. E., and Zelazo, P. D. (2013). Reflection training improves executive function in preschool-age children: Behavioral and neural effects. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 3–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, J. R., and Van Petten, C. (2008). Influence of cognitive control and mismatch on the N2 component of the ERP: A review. Psychophysiology, 45(1), 152–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., … Rapoport, J. L. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, S. T., Gundersen, H., Neto, E., Elgen, I., Markestad, T., Aukland, S. M., and Hugdahl, K. (2013). fMRI: Blood oxygen level-dependent activation during a working memory-selective attention task in children born extremely preterm. Pediatric Research, 74(2), 196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, B. E., Martin, J. A., and Osterman, M. J. K. (2016). Births: Preliminary data for 2015. National Vital Statistics Reports, 65(3), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, J. L., Chung, M. K., Avants, B. B., Shirtcliff, E. A., Gee, J. C., Davidson, R. J., and Pollak, S. D. (2010). Early stress is associated with alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex: A tensor-based morphometry investigation of brain structure and behavioral risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(22), 7466–7472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinonen, K., Eriksson, J. G., Kajantie, E., Pesonen, A.-K., Barker, D. J., Osmond, C., and Raikkonen, K. (2013). Late-Preterm birth and lifetime socioeconomic attainments: The Helsinki birth cohort study. Pediatrics, 132(4), 647–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry, A., Jones, E. J. H., and Charman, T. (2016). Executive function in the first three years of life : Precursors, predictors and patterns. Developmental Review, 42, 1–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodel, A. S. (2018). Rapid infant prefrontal cortex development and sensitivity to early environmental experience. Developmental Review, 48, 113–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodel, A. S., Brumbaugh, J. E., Morris, A. R., and Thomas, K. M. (2015). Hot executive function following moderate-to-late preterm birth: Altered delay discounting at 4 years of age. Developmental Science, 19(2), 221–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodel, A. S., Hunt, R. H., Cowell, R. A., Van Den Heuvel, S. E., Gunnar, M. R., and Thomas, K. M. (2015). Duration of early adversity and structural brain development in post-institutionalized adolescents. NeuroImage, 105, 112–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isquith, P. K., Crawford, J. S., Espy, K. A., and Gioia, G. A. (2005). Assessment of executive function in preschool-aged children. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 11(3), 209–215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Junghöfer, M., Elbert, T., Tucker, D. M., and Braun, C. (1999). The polar average reference effect: A bias in estimating the head surface integral in EEG recording. Clinical Neurophysiology, 110(6), 1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., and Engle, R. W. (2002). The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 637–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karayanidis, F., Robaey, P., Bourassa, M., and Koning, D. D. E. (2000). ERP differences in visual attention processing between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and control boys in the absence of performance differences. Psychophysiology, 37, 319–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmiloff-Smith, A. (2010). Neuroimaging of the developing brain: Taking “developing” seriously. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 934–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, C. E., Cheong, J. L. Y., Gabra Fam, L., Leemans, A., Seal, M. L., Doyle, L. W., … Thompson, D. K. (2016). Moderate and late preterm infants exhibit widespread brain white matter microstructure alterations at term-equivalent age relative to term-born controls. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 10(1), 41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesler, S. R., Reiss, A. L., Vohr, B., Watson, C., Schneider, K. C., Katz, K. H., … Ment, L. R. (2008). Brain volume reductions within multiple cognitive systems in preterm children at age twelve. Journal of Pediatrics, 152(4), 513–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkegaard, I., Obel, C., Hedegaard, M., and Henriksen, T. B. (2006). Gestational age and birth weight in relation to school performance of 10-year-old children: A follow-up study of children born after 32 completed weeks. Pediatrics, 118(4), 1600–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugelman, A., and Colin, A. A. (2013). Late preterm infants: Near term but still in a critical developmental time period. Pediatrics, 132(4), 741–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahat, A., Todd, R. M., Mahy, C. E. V., Lau, K., and Zelazo, P. D. (2009). Neurophysiological correlates of executive function: A comparison of European-Canadian and Chinese-Canadian 5-year-old children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3(72), 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamm, C., David, P., and Lewis, M. D. (2006). Neural correlates of cognitive control in childhood and adolescence: Disentangling the contributions of age and executive function. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2139–2148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm, C., Walker, O. L., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., Pine, D. S., Mcdermott, J. M., and Fox, N. A. (2014). Cognitive control moderates early childhood temperament in predicting social behavior in 7-year-old children: An ERP study. Developmental Science, 5, 667–681.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, E. J., Rubia, K., Murray, R. M., McGuire, P. K., Walshe, M., Allin, M., … Nosarti, C. (2009). The neural basis of response inhibition and attention allocation as mediated by gestational age. Human Brain Mapping, 30(3), 1038–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, G. M., Duda, J. T., Avants, B. B., Wu, J., and Farah, M. J. (2013). Associations between children’s socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness. Developmental Science, 16(5), 641–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipkind, H. S., Slopen, M. E., Pfeiffer, M. R., and McVeigh, K. H. (2012). School-age outcomes of late preterm infants in New York City. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 206(3), 222.e1–222.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorist, M. M., and Jolij, J. (2012). Trial history effects in Stroop task performance are independent of top-down control. PLoS ONE, 7, 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luck, S. J., Heinze, H. J., Mangun, G. R., and Hillyard, S. A. (1990). Visual event-related potentials index focused attention within bilateral stimulus arrays. II. Functional dissociation of P1 and N1 components. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 75, 528–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luu, T. M., Ment, L., Allan, W., Schneider, K., and Vohr, B. R. (2011). Executive and memory function in adolescents born very preterm. Pediatrics, 127(3), e639–e646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlow, N., Hennessy, E. M., Bracewell, M. A., and Wolke, D. (2007). Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics, 120(4), 793–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes, L. C., Molfese, D. L., Key, A. P. F., and Hunter, N. C. (2005). Event-related potentials in cocaine-exposed children during a Stroop task. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27(6), 797–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, A., Hajcak, G., Torpey, D. C., Kujawa, A., Kim, J., Bufferd, S., … Klein, D. N. (2013). Increased error-related brain activity in six-year-old children with clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(8), 1257–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., and Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., and Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molfese, V. J., Molfese, P. J., Molfese, D. L., Rudasill, K. M., Armstrong, N., and Starkey, G. (2010). Executive function skills of 6-8 year olds: Brain and behavioral evidence and implications for school achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(2), 116–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriguchi, Y., and Hiraki, K. (2011). Longitudinal development of prefrontal function during early childhood. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(2), 153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriguchi, Y., and Hiraki, K. (2013). Prefrontal cortex and executive function in young children: A review of NIRS studies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(December), 867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morse, S. B., Zheng, H., Tang, Y., and Roth, J. (2009). Early school-age outcomes of late preterm infants. Pediatrics, 123(4), e622–e629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen, K. M., Vohr, B. R., Katz, K. H., Schneider, K. C., Lacadie, C., Hampson, M., … Ment, L. R. (2011). Preterm birth results in alterations in neural connectivity at age 16 years. NeuroImage, 54(4), 2563–2570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata, S., Okada, T., Okahashi, A., Yoshikawa, K., Usukura, Y., Makimoto, M., … Okuhata, Y. (2013). Gray matter volumetric MRI differences late-preterm and term infants. Brain and Development, 35(1), 10–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mürner-Lavanchy, I., Steinlin, M., Nelle, M., Rummel, C., Perrig, W. J., Schroth, G., and Everts, R. (2014). Delay of cortical thinning in very preterm born children. Early Human Development, 90(9), 443–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, Z., Ashburner, J., Andersson, J., Jbabdi, S., Draganski, B., Skare, S., … Lagercrantz, H. (2009). Structural correlates of preterm birth in the adolescent brain. Pediatrics, 124(5), e964–e972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narberhaus, A., Segarra, D., Cald, X., and Gim, M. (2008). Corpus callosum and prefrontal functions in adolescents with history of very preterm birth. Neuropsychologia, 46, 111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosarti, C. (2013). Structural and functional brain correlates of behavioral outcomes during adolescence. Early Human Development, 89(4), 221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosarti, C., Giouroukou, E., Healy, E., Rifkin, L., Walshe, M., Reichenberg, A., … Murray, R. M. (2008). Grey and white matter distribution in very preterm adolescents mediates neurodevelopmental outcome. Brain, 131, 205–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosarti, C., Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Frearson, S., Williams, S. C., Rifkin, L., and Murray, R. M. (2006). Altered functional neuroanatomy of response inhibition in adolescent males who were born very preterm. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48(4), 265–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, B. S., Vohr, B., Staib, L. H., Cannistraci, C. J., Dolberg, A., Schneider, K. C., … Ment, L. R. (2000). Regional brain volume abnormalities and long-term cognitive outcome in preterm infants. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(15), 1939–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neuorphysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polich, J., Ladish, C., and Burns, T. (1990). Normal variation of P300 in children: Age, memory span, and head size. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 9(3), 237–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley, M., Poulsen, G., Kurinczuk, J., Boyle, E., Field, D., Wolke, D., and Alfirevic, Z. (2012). Early term and late preterm birth are associated with poorer school performance at age 5 years: A cohort study. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 97, 167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietdijk, W. J. R., Franken, I. H. A., and Thurik, A. R. (2014). Internal consistency of event-related potentials associated with cognitive control : N2/P3 and ERN/Pe. PLoS ONE, 9(7), 3–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., and Davis-Stober, C. P. (2004). Development of the time course for processing conflict: An event-related potentials study with 4 year olds and adults. BMC Neuroscience, 5, 39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueda, M. R., Rothbart, M. K., McCandliss, B. D., Saccomanno, L., and Posner, M. I. (2005). Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(41), 14931–14936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonhaut, L., Armijo, I., and Perez, M. (2015). Gestational age and developmental risk in moderately and late preterm and early term infants. Pediatrics, 135(4), e835–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spronk, M., Jonkman, L. M., and Kemner, C. (2008). Response inhibition and attention processing in 5- to 7-year-old children with and without symptoms of ADHD: An ERP study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(12), 2738–2752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., Moeller, F. G., and Swann, A. C. (2009). P50, N100, and P200 sensory gating: Relationships with behavioral inhibition, attention, and working memory. Psychophysiology, 46(5), 1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, A. C., Sutherland, M. T., and McKinney, C. J. (2005). Validation of SOBI components from high-density EEG. NeuroImage, 25(2), 539–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, D. K., Warfield, S. K., Carlin, J. B., Pavlovic, M., Wang, H. X., Bear, M., … Inder, T. E. (2007). Perinatal risk factors altering regional brain structure in the preterm infant. Brain, 130(3), 667–677.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Baar, A. L., Vermaas, J., Knots, E., de Kleine, M. J. K., and Soons, P. (2009). Functioning at school age of moderately preterm children born at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestational age. Pediatrics, 124(1), 251–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohr, B. (2013). Long-term outcomes of moderately preterm, late preterm, and early term infants. Clinics in Perinatology, 40, 739–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, J. M., Doyle, L. W., Anderson, P. J., Lee, K. J., and Cheong, J. L. Y. (2014). Moderate and late preterm birth: Effect on brain size and maturation at term-equivalent age. Radiology, 273(1), 132410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weschler. (2002). Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Wiersema, J. R., and Roeyers, H. (2009). ERP correlates of effortful control in children with varying levels of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(3), 327–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar