Improving accuracy of ADHD subtype diagnoses with the ADHD symptom rating scale

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Ayano, G., Yohannes, K., & Abraha, M. (2020). Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of General Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-020-00271-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bied, A., Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. (2017). Parent-based diagnosis of ADHD is as accurate as a teacher-based diagnosis of ADHD. Postgraduate Medicine, 129(3), 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2017.1288064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, G., De Moura, M. A., Beauchaine, T. P., & McBurnett, K. (2014). Bifactor latent structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms: Predictions of dual‐pathway/trait‐impulsivity etiological models of ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(4), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, G. L., De Moura, M. A., Walsh, J. A., Desmul, C., Silpakit, C., & Sommers-Flanagan, J. (2008). Invariance and convergent and discriminant validity between mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of oppositional defiant disorder toward adults, ADHD-HI, ADHD-IN, and academic competence factors within Brazilian, Thai, and American children. Psychological Assessment, 20(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.20.2.121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevila-Brophy, C., Artigas-Pallarés, J., Navarro-Pastor, J. B., Garcíanonell, K., Rigau-Ratera, E., & Obiols, J. E. (2014). ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype with high sluggish cognitive tempo: A new clinical entity? Journal of Attention Disorders, 18(7), 607–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712445483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K. (2008). Conners 3: Manual (3rd ed.). Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Gormley, M. J., & Laracy, S. D. (2013). Comorbidity of LD and ADHD: Implications of DSM-5 for assessment and treatment. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219412464351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Reid, R. (1998). ADHD rating scale—IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Egeland, J., Ueland, T., & Johansen, S. (2012). Central processing energetic factors mediate impaired motor control in ADHD combined subtype but not in ADHD inattentive subtype. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45(4), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219411407922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erskine, H. E., Norman, R. E., Ferrari, A. J., Chan, G. C., Copeland, W. E., Whiteford, H. A., & Scott, J. G. (2016). Long-term outcomes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10), 841–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etcoff, L. M. (2013). DSM-IV ADHD symptom rating scale [Database record]. PsycTESTS. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t25416-000
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. A. (1915). Frequency distribution of the values of the correlation coefficient in samples from an indefinitely large population. Biometrika, 10(4), 507–521. https://doi.org/10.2307/2331838
   Google Scholar
• Franke, B., Michelini, G., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Bilbow, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Ginsberg, Y., Haavik, J., & Kuntsi, J. (2018). Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(10), 1059–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, B., Sayal, K., & Daley, D. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to understanding of ADHD in primary care: A mixed-method systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(8), 1037–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1256-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., & Nigg, J. T. (2012). Current issues in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 77–107. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goth-Owens, T. L., Martinez-Torteya, C., Martel, M. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2010). Processing speed weakness in children and adolescents with non-hyperactive but inattentive ADHD (ADD). Child Neuropsychology, 16(6), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2010.485126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, J. B., How, S. K., Dewitt, M. B., & Coury, D. L. (2001). Discriminant validity of the Conners’ scales for ADHD subtypes. Current Psychology: A Journal For Diverse Perspectives On Diverse Psychological Issues, 20(3), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-001-1009-0
   Google Scholar
• Hamed, A. M., Kauer, A. J., & Stevens, H. E. (2015). Why the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder matters. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6(168), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanley, J. A., & McNeil, B. J. (1983). A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology, 148(3), 839–843. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpin, V., Mazzone, L., Raynaud, J. P., Kahle, J., & Hodgkins, P. (2016). Long-term outcomes of ADHD: A systematic review of self-esteem and social function. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(4), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713486516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., Jr., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, M. A., Van Meter, A., Youngstrom, E. A., Hilton, D. C., & Ollendick, T. H. (2018). Evidence-based assessment of ADHD in youth using a receiver operating characteristic approach. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(5), 808–820. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1225502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziol, L. F., & Budding, D. (2012). Requiem for a diagnosis: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 1(1), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2012.665774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langberg, J. M., Froehlich, T. E., Loren, R. E., Martin, J. E., & Epstein, J. N. (2008). Assessing children with ADHD in primary care settings. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 8(4), 627–641. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.4.627
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo, Y., Weibman, D., Halperin, J. M., & Li, X. (2019). A review of heterogeneity in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13(42), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maedgen, J. W., & Carlson, C. L. (2000). Social functioning and emotional regulation in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424jccp2901_4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall, S. A., Evans, S. W., Eiraldi, R. B., Becker, S. P., & Power, T. J. (2014). Social and academic impairment in youth with ADHD, predominately inattentive type and sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9758-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayfield, A. R., Parke, E. M., Barchard, K. A., Zenisek, R. P., Thaler, N. S., Etcoff, L. M., & Allen, D. N. (2018). Equivalence of mother and father ratings of ADHD in children. Child Neuropsychology, 24(2), 166–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1236186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayne, S. L., Ross, M. E., Song, L., McCarn, B., Steffes, J., Liu, W., Margolis, B., Azuine, R., Gotlieb, E., Grundmeier, R. W., & Leslie, L. K. (2016). Variations in mental health diagnosis and prescribing across pediatric primary care practices. Pediatrics, 137(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, S. (2002). Simplifying likelihood ratios. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17(8), 647–650. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10750.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, M. R., Zarafshan, H., Khaleghi, A., Ahmadi, N., Hooshyari, Z., Mostafavi, S. A., Ahmadi, A., Alavi, S. S., Shakiba, A., & Salmanian, M. (2021). Prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities in a population-based sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(8), 1058–1067. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719886372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke, E. M., Graves, S., Becker, M. L., Mayfield, A. R., Paul, M., Freeman, A. J., & Allen, D. N. (2021). Social cognition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(4), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054718816157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke, E. M., Mayfield, A. R., Barchard, K. A., Thaler, N. S., Etcoff, L. M., & Allen, D. N. (2015). Factor structure of symptom dimensions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1427–1437. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parke, E. M., Thaler, N. S., Etcoff, L. M., & Allen, D. N. (2020). Intellectual profiles in children with ADHD and comorbid learning and motor disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(9), 1227–1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715576343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka, S. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 894–921. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raiker, J. S., Freeman, A. J., Perez-Algorta, G., Frazier, T. W., Findling, R. L., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2017). Accuracy of Achenbach scales in the screening of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a community mental health clinic. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(5), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Clarke, D. E., Kraemer, H. C., Kuramoto, S. J., Kuhl, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part II: Test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavior assessment system for children (2nd ed.). American Guidance Service.
   Google Scholar
• Rowland, A. S., Skipper, B. J., Umbach, D. M., Rabiner, D. L., Campbell, R. A., Naftel, A. J., & Sandler, D. P. (2015). The prevalence of ADHD in a population-based sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(9), 741–754. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713513799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayal, K., Prasad, V., Daley, D., Ford, T., & Coghill, D. (2018). ADHD in children and young people: Prevalence, care pathways, and service provision. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(2), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30167-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2010). The role of inattention and social perception and performance in two subtypes of ADHD. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(8), 771–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acq074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, M., Hodgkins, P., Caci, H., Young, S., Kahle, J., Woods, A. G., & Arnold, L. E. (2012). A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: Effects of treatment and nontreatment. BMC Medicine, 10(99), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-10-99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva, R. R., Alpert, M., Pouget, E., Silva, V., Trosper, S., Reyes, K., & Dummit, S. (2005). A rating scale for disruptive behavior disorders, based on the DSM-IV item pool. Psychiatric Quarterly, 76(4), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-005-4966-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanto, M. V., Pope-Boyd, S. A., Tryon, W. W., & Stepak, B. (2009). Social functioning in predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054708320403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sollie, H., Larsson, B., & Mørch, W. T. (2013). Comparison of mother, father, and teacher reports of ADHD core symptoms in a sample of child psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(8), 699–710. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711436010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, J. M., Kraemer, H. C., Hinshaw, S. P., Arnold, L. E., Conners, C. K., Abikoff, H. B., Clevenger, W., Davies, M., Elliott, G. R., Greenhill, L. L., & Hechtman, L. (2001). Clinical relevance of the primary findings of the MTA: Success rates based on severity of ADHD and ODD symptoms at the end of treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 168–179. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, N. S., Bello, D. T., & Etcoff, L. M. (2013). WISC-IV profiles are associated with differences in symptomatology and outcome in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(3), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711428806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015). Prevalence of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135(4), 994–1001. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. (2021, March). Designated health professional shortage areas statistics. https://data.hrsa.gov/Default/GenerateHPSAQuarterlyReport
   Google Scholar
• Volk, H. E., Todorov, A. A., Hay, D. A., & Todd, R. D. (2009). Simple identification of complex ADHD subtypes using current symptom counts. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 441–450. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819996ba
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe, R. J., Briesch, A. M., & Gadow, K. D. (2011). The efficiency of behavior rating scales to assess inattentive–overactive and oppositional–defiant behaviors: Applying generalizability theory to streamline assessment. Journal of School Psychology, 49(1), 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2010.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, K. D. (2012). Associated symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73(5), 709–710. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12f07838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., Liu, K., Li, Z., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Shi, W., & Chen, L. (2017). Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 17(32), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1187-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Pennington, B. F., Olson, R. K., Chhabildas, N., & Hulslander, J. (2005). Neuropsychological analyses of comorbidity between reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of the common deficit. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(1), 35–78. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2701_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., Chan, E., Davison, D., Earls, M., Evans, S. W., Flinn, S. K., Froehlich, T., Frost, J., & Holbrook, J. R. (2019). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youden, W. J. (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer, 3(1), 32–35. h ttps:// doi.o rg/ 10.10 02/10 97-01 42(1950)3:1<32::AID-CNCR282 0030 106>3.0.CO;2-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X. C., Reynolds, C. R., Zhu, J. J., Kamphaus, R. W., & Zhang, O. (2018). Evidence-based assessment of ADHD diagnosis in children and adolescents. Applied Neuropsychology. Child, 7(2), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2017.1284661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar