Inattention symptom severity and cognitive processes in children at risk of ADHD: the moderating role of separation anxiety

References

• Aebi, M., Kuhn, C., Metzke, C. W., Stringaris, A., Goodman, R., & Steinhausen, H. -C. (2012). The use of the development and well-being assessment (DAWBA) in clinical practice: A randomized trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(10), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00787-012-0293-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akshoomoff, N., Brown, T. T., Bakeman, R., & Hagler, D. J. (2018). Developmental differentiation of executive functions on the NIH toolbox cognition battery. Neuropsychology, 32(7), 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderson, R. M., Kasper, L. J., Patros, C. H. G., Hudec, K. L., Tarle, S. J., & Lea, S. E. (2015). Working memory deficits in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An examination of orthographic coding and episodic buffer processes. Child Neuropsychology, 21(4), 509–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2014.917618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloway, T. (2007). Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA). Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Copeland, W., Goodman, R., Fisher, P. W., & Costello, E. J. (2012). Psychiatric diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: A comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(5), 506–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAAC.2012.02.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini, T. N., Narad, M. E., Langberg, J. M., & Epstein, J. N. (2013). Behavioral correlates of reaction time variability in children with and without ADHD. Neuropsychology, 27(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/A0032071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arildskov, T. W., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Thomsen, P. H., Virring, A., & Østergaard, S. D. (2022). How much impairment is required for ADHD? No evidence of a discrete threshold. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(2), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/JCPP.13440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology. CNS Drugs, 23(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200923000-00005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aschenbrand, S. G., Kendall, P. C., Webb, A., Safford, S. M., & Flannery-Schroeder, E. (2003). Is childhood separation anxiety disorder a predictor of adult panic disorder and Agoraphobia? A seven-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1478–1485. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200312000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. (1996). The fractionation of working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(24), 13468–13472. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.93.24.13468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, R., Maruff, P., & Vance, A. (2009). Neurocognitive function in attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid disruptive behaviour disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(8), 722–730. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670903001927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, T. D. S., Lyman, R. D., & Klinger, L. G. (2002). Academic underachievement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The negative impact of symptom severity on school performance. Journal of School Psychology, 40(3), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(02)00100-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beesdo, K., Knappe, S., & Pine, D. S. (2009). Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: Developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(3), 483–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellgrove, M. A., Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2004). The functional neuroanatomical correlates of response variability: Evidence from a response inhibition task. Neuropsychologia, 42(14), 1910–1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/jneuropsychologia.2004.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloemsma, J. M., Boer, F., Arnold, R., Banaschewski, T., Faraone, S. V., Buitelaar, J. K., Sergeant, J. A., Rommelse, N., & Oosterlaan, J. (2013). Comorbid anxiety and neurocognitive dysfunctions in children with ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(4), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-012-0339-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burley, D. T., Anning, K. L., & Van Goozen, S. H. M. (2021). The association between hyperactive behaviour and cognitive inhibition impairments in young children. Child Neuropsychology, 28(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2021.1976128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W., Griffiths, K., Korgaonkar, M. S., Williams, L. M., & Menon, V. (2019). Inhibition-related modulation of salience and frontoparietal networks predicts cognitive control ability and inattention symptoms in children with ADHD. Molecular Psychiatry, 2019, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0564-4
   Google Scholar
• Casaletto, K. B., Umlauf, A., Beaumont, J., Gershon, R., Slotkin, J., Akshoomoff, N., & Heaton, R. K. (2015). Demographically corrected normative standards for the English version of the NIH toolbox cognition battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 21(5), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagna, P. J., Calamia, M., Roye, S., Greening, S. G., & Davis, T. E. (2019). The effects of childhood inattention and anxiety on executive functioning: Inhibition, updating, and shifting. ADHD Attention Deficit & Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(4), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12402-019-00306-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabildas, N., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. G. (2001). A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 529–540. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012281226028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghill, D. R., Seth, S., & Matthews, K. (2014). A comprehensive assessment of memory, delay aversion, timing, inhibition, decision making and variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Advancing beyond the three-pathway models. Psychological Medicine, 44(9), 1989–2001. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coghill, D., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2012). Annual research review: Categories versus dimensions in the classification and conceptualisation of child and adolescent mental disorders – implications of recent empirical study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53(5), 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-7610.2011.02511.X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, A. R., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005). Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(5), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Ferrin, M., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Dittmann, R. W., Holtmann, M., Santosh, P., Stevenson, J., Stringaris, A., Zuddas, A., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., & European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). (2015). Cognitive training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(3), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Sonneville, L. M. J. (1999). Amsterdam neuropsychological tasks: A computer-aided assessment program. In B. P. L. M. den Brinker, P. J. Beek, A. N. Brand, S. J. Maarse, & L. J. M. Mulder (Eds.), Cognitive ergonomics, clinical assessment and computer-assisted learning: computers in psychology (pp. 113–129). Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar
• De Sonneville, L. (2014). Handboek ANT: Amsterdamse neuropsychologische taken. Boom Test Uitgevers.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, L. M., Dunn, L. M., Whetton, C., & Pintillie, D. (1982). British picture vocabulary scales (2nd ed.). NFER-Nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliers, E., Rommelse, N., Vermeulen, S. H. H. M., Altink, M., Buschgens, C. J. M., Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J. A., Franke, B., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2008). Motor coordination problems in children and adolescents with ADHD rated by parents and teachers: Effects of age and gender. Journal of Neural Transmission, 115(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0827-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau, S.S. -F., & Shang, C. -Y. (2010). Executive functions as endophenotypes in ADHD: Evidence from the Cambridge neuropsychological test battery (CANTAB). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(7), 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02215.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R., Ford, T., Richards, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000). The development and well-being assessment: Description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(5), 645–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, H., McGinnity, A., Meltzer, H., Ford, T., & Goodman, R. (2005). Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. Palgrave Macmillan. http://no-pa.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Mental-health-of-children.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Groenman, A. P., Janssen, T. W. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017). Childhood psychiatric disorders as risk factor for subsequent substance abuse: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(7), 556–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: Process versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ), 25(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobson, C. W., Scott, S., & Rubia, K. (2011). Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1035–1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02454.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts, S. C. J., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Van Spronsen, F. J., Berends, I. E., Licht, R., Verkerk, P. H., & Sergeant, J. A. (2003). Motor function under lower and higher controlled processing demands in early and continuously treated phenylketonuria. Neuropsychology, 17(3), 369–379. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.17.3.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Kraemer, H. C., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J. H., Abikoff, H. B., March, J. S., Arnold, L. E., Cantwell, D. P., Conners, C. K., Elliott, G. R., Greenhill, L. L., Hechtman, L., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Severe, J. B., Swanson, J. M., Wells, K. C., Wigal, T., & Vitiello, B. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: Comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalff, A. C., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., Kroes, M., Feron, F. J. M., Steyaert, J., Van Zeben, T. M. C. B., Vles, J. S. H., & Jolles, J. (2003). Low- and high-level controlled processing in executive motor control tasks in 5-6-year-old children at risk of ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(7), 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalff, A. C., De Sonneville, L. M. J., Hurks, P. P. M., Hendriksen, J. G. M., Kroes, M., Feron, F. J. M., Steyaert, J., Van Zeben, T. M. C. B., Vles, J. S. H., & Jolles, J. (2005). Speed, speed variability, and accuracy of information processing in 5 to 6-year-old children at risk of ADHD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karalunas, S. L., Gustafsson, H. C., Dieckmann, N. F., Tipsord, J., Mitchell, S. H., & Nigg, J. T. (2017). Heterogeneity in development of aspects of working memory predicts longitudinal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(6), 774–792. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012). Moderators of working memory deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(7), 605–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler, M. J., Irwin, L. N., Soto, E. F., Groves, N. B., Harmon, S. L., & Sarver, D. E. (2019). Executive functioning heterogeneity in pediatric ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(2), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0438-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofler, M. J., Singh, L. J., Soto, E. F., Chan, E. S. M., Miller, C. E., Harmon, S. L., & Spiegel, J. A. (2020). Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach. Neuropsychology, 34(6), 686–698. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsi, J., Pinto, R., Price, T. S., Van Der Meere, J. J., Frazier-Wood, A. C., & Asherson, P. (2014). The separation of ADHD inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms: Pathways from genetic effects to cognitive impairments and symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(1), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9771-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambregts, S. A. M., Smetsers, J. E. M., Verhoeven, I. M. A. J., De Kloet, A. J., Van De Port, I. G. L., Ribbers, G. M., & Catsman-Berrevoets, C. E. (2018). Cognitive function and participation in children and youth with mild traumatic brain injury two years after injury. Brain Injury, 32(2), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1406990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, K., Russ, S. A., Kahn, R. S., & Halfon, N. (2011). Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD, 2007. Pediatrics, 127(3), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijster, J. M., Dierckx, B., Utens, E. M., Verhulst, F. C., Zieldorff, C., Dieleman, G. C., & Legerstee, J. S. (2017). The age of onset of anxiety disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 62(4), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716640757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo, S. K., Hale, T. S., Macion, J., Hanada, G., Mcgough, J. J., Mccracken, J. T., & Smalley, S. L. (2009). Cortical activity patterns in ADHD during arousal, activation and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2114–2119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maric, M., Bexkens, A., & Bögels, S. M. (2018). Is clinical anxiety a risk or a protective factor for executive functioning in youth with ADHD? A meta-regression analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(3), 340–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-018-0255-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masi, G., Mucci, M., & Millepiedi, S. (2012). Separation anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. CNS Drugs, 15(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200115020-00002
   Google Scholar
• MTA Cooperative Group. (1999). Moderators and mediators of treatment response for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The multimodal treatment study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(12), 1088–1096. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulraney, M., Schilpzand, E. J., Anderson, V., Nicholson, J. M., Efron, D., Hazell, P., & Sciberras, E. (2018). Correlates of anxiety in 6- to 8-year-old children with ADHD: A community-based study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(5), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716638510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health. (2016) . NIH toolbox scoring and interpretation guide for the iPad. National Institutes of Health and Northwestern University.
   Google Scholar
• Newcorn, J. H., Halperin, J. M., Jensen, P. S., Abikoff, H. B., Arnold, L. E., Cantwell, D. P., Conners, C. K., Elliott, G. R., Epstein, J. N., Greenhill, L. L., Hechtman, L., Hinshaw, S. P., Hoza, B., Kraemer, H. C., Pelham, W. E., Severe, J. B., Swanson, J. M., Wells, K. C., Wigal, T., & Vitiello, B. (2001). Symptom profiles in children with ADHD: Effects of comorbidity and gender. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200102000-00008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaou, E., Quach, J., Lum, J., Roberts, G., Spencer-Smith, M., Gathercole, S., Anderson, P. J., Mensah, F. K., & Wake, M. (2018). Changes in verbal and visuospatial working memory from grade 1 to grade 3 of primary school: Population longitudinal study. Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(3), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ólafsdóttir, I. M., Gestsdóttir, S., & Kristjánsson, Á. (2019). Visual foraging and executive functions: A developmental perspective. Acta Psychologica, 193, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., & Norgate, R. (2012). Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33(4), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311427433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paine, A. L., Burley, D., Anthony, R., Van Goozen, S. H. M., & Shelton, K. H. (2021). The neurocognitive profiles of children adopted from care and their emotional and behavioral problems at home and school. Child Neuropsychology, 27(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2020.1776241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273170701341316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiner, D. L., Godwin, J., & Dodge, K. A. (2016). Predicting academic achievement and attainment: The contribution of early academic skills, attention difficulties, and social competence. School Psychology Review, 45(2), 250–267. https://doi.org/10.17105/spr45-2.250-267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(6), 825–837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9215-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., & Alderson, R. M. (2009). Hyperactivity in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A ubiquitous core symptom or manifestation of working memory deficits? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(4), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9287-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapport, M. D., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., & Friedman, L. M. (2013). Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(8), 1237–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogosa, D. (1980). Comparing nonparallel regression lines. Psychological Bulletin, 88(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.2.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K. (2018). Cognitive neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its clinical translation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12, 100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Smith, A., & Taylor, E. (2007). Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on a test battery of impulsiveness. Child Neuropsychology, 13(3), 276–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040600770761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruf, B. M., Bessette, K. L., Pearlson, G. D., & Stevens, M. C. (2017). Effect of trait anxiety on cognitive test performance in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 39(5), 434–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1232373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, A. E., Ford, T., & Russell, G. (2015). Socioeconomic associations with ADHD: Findings from a mediation analysis. PLoS One, 10(6), e0128248. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0128248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salum, G. A., Sergeant, J., Sonuga-Barke, E., Vandekerckhove, J., Gadelha, A., Pan, P. M., Moriyama, T. S., Graeff-Martins, A. S., de Alvarenga, P. G., Do Rosário, M. C., Manfro, G. G., Polanczyk, G., & Rohde, L. A. P. (2014). Specificity of basic information processing and inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 617–631. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713000639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarver, D. E., Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Raiker, J. S., & Friedman, L. M. (2015). Hyperactivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Impairing deficit or compensatory behavior? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(7), 1219–1232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0011-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber, J. E., Possin, K. L., Girard, J. M., & Rey-Casserly, C. (2014). Executive function in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The NIH examiner battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 20(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaats-Willemse, D. I. E., Swaab-Barneveld, H. J. T., De Sonneville, L. M. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2007). Family-genetic study of executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for an endophenotype? Neuropsychology, 21(6), 751–760. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss, D. T., Murphy, K. J., Binns, M. A., & Alexander, M. P. (2003). Staying on the job: The frontal lobes control individual performance variability. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 126(11), 2363–2380. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. T., Cross, K., & Amir, N. (2016). Attentional control moderates the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and attentional disengagement from threatening information. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak, M. E., Jain, U., & Tannock, R. (2005). Executive and motivational processes in adolescents with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Functions, 1(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-1-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ullebø, A. K., Posserud, M. -B., Heiervang, E., Gillberg, C., & Obel, C. (2011). Screening for the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype using the strength and difficulties questionnaire. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(9), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0198-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, A., Ferrin, M., Winther, J., & Gomez, R. (2013). Examination of spatial working memory performance in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-CT) and anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(6), 891–900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9721-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaurio, R. G., Simmonds, D. J., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2009). Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2389–2396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vloet, T. D., Konrad, K., Herpertz Dahlmann, B., Polier, G. G., & Günther, T. (2010). Impact of anxiety disorders on attentional functions in children with ADHD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(3), 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, E. L., Kofler, M. J., Soto, E. F., Schaefer, H. S., & Sarver, D. E. (2018). Assessing working memory in children with ADHD: Minor administration and scoring changes may improve digit span backward’s construct validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 72, 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, L. K., McDermott, J. M., Degnan, K. A., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2011). Behavioral inhibition and anxiety: The moderating roles of inhibitory control and attention shifting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(5), 735–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9490-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurtbaşı, P., Aldemir, S., Teksin Bakır, M. G., Aktaş, Ş., Ayvaz, F. B., Piştav Satılmış, Ş., & Münir, K. (2018). Comparison of neurological and cognitive deficits in children with ADHD and anxiety disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(5), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715578003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D. (2020). Executive function and psychopathology: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner-allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., & Weintraub, S. (2013). II. NIH toolbox cognition battery (CB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar