References
- HORWOOD , R. H. 1988 . Explanation and description in science teaching . Science Education , 72 : 41 – 49 .
- NOTT , M. and SMITH , R. 1995 . 'Talking your way out of it', 'rigging' and 'conjuring': what science teachers do when practicals go wrong . International Journal of Science Education , 17 ( 3 ) : 399 – 410 .
- MATTHIESSEN , C. 1995 . Lexicogrammatical Cartography: English Systems , Tokyo : International Languages Sciences Publishers .
- HEFFERNAN , D. and LEARMONTH , M. 1990 . The World of Science , 2nd , Vol. 1 , 70 Melbourne : Longman Cheshire .
- MARTIN , J. R. 1993c . Technology, bureaucracy and schooling: Discourse resources and control . Cultural Dynamics , 6 ( 1 ) : 84 – 130 .
- MARTIN , J. R. 1993 . “ Technicality and abstraction: Language for the creation of specialised text ” . In Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power , Edited by: Halliday , M. A. K. and Mart , J. R. 203 – 220 . London : Palmer .
- MARTIN , J. R. 1993 . “ Literacy in science: Learning to handle text as technology ” . In Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power , Edited by: Halliday , M. A. K. and Mart , J. R. 166 – 202 . London : Palmer .
- LEMKE , J. 1990 . Talking Science: Language, Learning and Values , Norwood, New Jersey : Ablex .
- MARTIN , J. R. 1992 . English Text: System and Structure , Amsterdam : Benjamins .
- MARTIN , J. R. 1997 . “ Analysing genre: functional parameters ” . In Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School , Edited by: Christie , P. and Mart , J. R. 3 – 39 . London : Cassell .
- LEMKE , J. 1989 . Making text talk . Theory into Practice , 28 : 136 – 141 .
- OGBORN , J. , KRESS , G. , MARTINS , I. and McGILLICUDDY , K. 1996 . Explaining Science in the Classroom , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- MARTIN , M. 1972 . Concepts of Science Education: A Philosophical Analysis , London : Scott, Foresman .
- HEFFERNAN , D. and LEARMONTH , M. 1990 . The World of Science , 2nd , Vol. 3 , 127 Melbourne : Longman Cheshire .
- UNSWORTH , L. 1999 . “ Teaching about explanations: talking out the grammar of written language ” . In Accepting The Literacy Challenge , Edited by: Watson , A. and Giorcelli , L. 189 – 204 . Sydney : Scholastic .
- VEEL , R. 1992 . Engaging with scientific language: A functional approach to the language of school science . The Australian Science Teachers Journal , 38 ( 2 ) : 31 – 35 .
- VEEL , R. 1997 . “ Learning how to mean-scientifically speaking: Aprenticeship into scientific discourse in the secondary school ” . In Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School , Edited by: Christie , F. and Mart , J. R. 161 – 195 . London : Cassell .
- VEEL , R. 1998 . “ The greening of school science: Ecogenesis in secondary classrooms ” . In Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science , Edited by: Mart , J. R. and Veel , R. 114 – 151 . London : Routledge .
- VEEL , R. Write it right: Science Inservice Materials , Erskineville, Sydney : New South Wales Department of Education Disadvantaged Schools Program . in press
- WELLS , G. 1994 . The complementary contributions of Halliday and Vygotsky to a 'Language-based Theory of Learning' . Linguistics and Education , 6 ( 1 ) : 41 – 90 .
- CHAPMAN , B. , PERRY , L. and STEAD , K. 1989 . Science 9 , 280 – 281 . Milton, Queensland : Brooks Waterloo .
- CHRISTIE , F. , GRAY , P. , GRAY , B. , MACKEN , M. , MARTIN , J. and ROTHERY , J. 1992 . Language: A Resource for Meaning-Exploring Explanations , Sydney : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
- DAGHER , Z. 1995 . Review of studies on the effectiveness of instructional analogies in science education . Science Education , 79 ( 2 ) : 295 – 312 .
- DAGHER , Z. and COSSMAN , G. 1992 . Verbal explanations given by science teachers: their nature and implications . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 29 ( 4 ) : 361 – 374 .
- DEVREEZE , D. , LOFTS , G. , PREUSS , P. and GILBERT , K. 1992 . Jacaranda Science and Technology , Vol. 1 , 131 Brisbane : Jacaranda Press .
- GILBERT , J. , BOULTER , C. and RUTHERFORD , M. 1998a . Models in explanations, Part 1: Horses for courses . International Journal of Science Education , 20 ( 1 ) : 83 – 97 .
- GILBERT , J. , BOULTER , C. and RUTHERFORD , M. 1998b . Models in explanations, Part 2: whose voice? whose ears? . International Journal of Science Education , 20 ( 2 ) : 187 – 203 .
- HALLIDAY , M. A. K. 1993 . “ Some grammatical problems in scientific English ” . In Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power , Edited by: Halliday , M. A. K. and Mart , J. R. 69 – 85 . London : Palmer Press .
- HALLIDAY , M. A. K. 1993 . “ The analysis of scientific texts in English and Chinese ” . In Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power , Edited by: Halliday , M. A. K. and Mart , J. R. 124 – 132 . London : Palmer .
- POLIAS , J. 1998 . Teaching ESL Through Science , Adelaide : Department of Education Training and Employment .
- PRAIN , V. and HAND , B. 1996 . Writing for learning in secondary science: Rethinking prac-tices . Teaching and Teacher Education , 12 ( 6 ) : 609 – 626 .
- SOLOMON , K. 1986 . Children's explanations . Oxford Review of Education , 12 : 41 – 51 .
- TREAGUST , D. , Durr , R. , JOSLIN , P. and LINDAUER , I. 1992 . Science teachers' use of analo-gies: observations from classroom practice . International Journal of Science Education , 14 ( 4 ) : 413 – 422 .
- TREAGUST , D. , HARRISON , A. and VENVILLE , G. 1996 . Using an analogical teaching approach to engender conceptual change . International Journal of Science Education , 18 ( 2 ) : 213 – 229 .
- UNSWORTH , L. 1996 . How and Why: Recontextualizing Science Explanations in School Science Books , University of Sydney . Ph.D. Department of Linguistics
- UNSWORTH , L. 1997a . Explaining explanations: Enhancing science learning and literacy development . Australian Science Teachers' Journal , 43 ( 1 ) : 34 – 49 .
- UNSWORTH , L. 1997b . Scaffolding reading of science explanations: Accessing the gramma-tical and visual forms of specialized knowledge . Reading , 31 ( 3 ) : 30 – 42 .
- UNSTAORTH , L. 1997c . Some practicalities of a language-based theory of learning . Australian Journal of Language and Literacy , 20 ( 1 ) : 36 – 52 .
- UNSWORTH , L. 1997d . 'Sound' explanations in school science: A functional linguistic perspective on effective apprenticing texts . Linguistics and Education , 9 ( 2 ) : 199 – 226 .