Rethinking the elementary science methods course: a case for content, pedagogy, and informal science education

References

• ANDERSON , R. D. and MITCHENER , C. P. 1994 . “ Research on science teacher education ” . In Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning , Edited by: Gabel , D. 3 – 44 . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• BENTLEY , M. 1998 . “ Constructivism as a referent for reforming science education ” . In Constructivism and Education , Edited by: Larochelle , M. , Bednarz , N. and Garrison , J. 233 – 252 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• ANDERSON , R. D. 1997 . The science methods course in the context of the total teacher education experience . Journal of Science Teacher Education , 8 : 269 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• AKINDEHIN , F. 1988 . Effect of an instructional package on preservice science teachers' understanding of the nature of science and acquisition of science-related attitudes . Science Education , 72 : 73 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OK SCIENCE . 1993 . Benchmarks for Science Literary , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• TOBIN , K. , TIPPINS , D. J. and GALLARD , A. J. 1994 . “ Research on instructional strategies for teaching science ” . In Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning , Edited by: Gabel , D. L. 45 – 93 . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• VESILIND , E. M. and JONES , M. G. 1996 . Hands-on science education reform . Journal of Teacher Education , 47 : 375 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WANDERSEE , J. H. , MINTZES , J. J. and NOVAK , J. D. 1994 . “ Research on alternative conception in science ” . In Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning , Edited by: Gabel , D. L. 177 – 210 . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• WISE , K. and OKEY , J. 1983 . A meta-analysis of the effects of various science teaching strategies on achievement . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 20 : 419 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ABELL , S. K. and BRYAN , L. A. 1997 . Reconceptualizing the elementary science methods course using a reflection orientation . Journal of Science Teacher Education , 8 : 153 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• ABELL , S. K. and SMITH , D. C. 1994 . What is science? Preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of the nature of science . International Journal of Science , 16 : 475 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• COCHRAN , K. F. 1991 . Pedagogical content knowledge: teachers' transformations of subject matter . NARST News , 33 : 7 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• FRASER , B. J. 1994 . “ Research on classroom and school climate ” . In Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning , Edited by: Gabel , D. 493 – 541 . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• FULLAN , M. and STIEGE , S. 1991 . The New Meaning of Educational Change , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• COHEN , E. G. 1994 . Restructuring the classroom: conditions for productive small groups . Review of Educational Research , 64 : 1 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLANK , R. K. and DALKILIC , M. 1992 . State Politics on Science and Mathematics Education , Washington, DC : Council of Chief State School Officers, State Education Assessment Center .
   Google Scholar
• CRANE , V. 1994 . “ Understanding the dynamics of informal learning ” . In Informal Science Learning: What the Research Says about Television, Science, Museums, and Community-based Projects , Edited by: Crane , V. , Chen , M. , Bitgood , S. , Serrell , B. , Thompson , D. , Nicholson , H. , Weiss , F. and Campbell , P. 1 – 14 . Dedham, MA : Research Communications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• DOYLE , W. and PONDER , G. 1977 . “ The ethic of practicality: implications for curriculum development ” . In Curriciulum Theory , Edited by: Molnar , A. and Zahorik , J. A. 74 – 80 . Washington, DC : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .
   Google Scholar
• BROOKS , J. G. and BROOKS , M. G. 1993 . Search of Understanding: The Case for Constructivist Classrooms , Alexandria, VA : Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development .
   Google Scholar
• BYBKE , R. W. and DEBOER , G. E. 1992 . “ Research on goals for the science curriculum ” . In Handbook of Research on Science Teaching and Learning , Edited by: Gabel , D. L. 357 – 385 . New York : Macmillan Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• BITGOOD , S. , SERRELL , B. and THOMPSON , D. 1994 . “ The impact of informal education on visitors to museums ” . In Informal Science Learning: What the Research Says about Television, Science, Museums, and Community-based Projects , Edited by: Carne , V. , Chen , M. , Bitgood , S. , Serrell , B. , Thompson , D. , Nicholson , H. , Weiss , F. and Campbell , P. 61 – 68 . Dedham, MA : Research Communications Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• ANDERSON , C. W. and SMITH , E. L. 1987 . “ Teaching science ” . In Educators' Handbook: A Research Perspective , Edited by: Richardson-Koehler , V. New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• CLIFFORD , M. M. 1990 . Students need a challenge, not easy success . Educational Leadership , 48 : 22 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WOOLFOLK , A. E. 1993 . Educational Psychology , Needham Heights, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• YAGER , R. , HIDAYAT , E. and PENICK , J. 1988 . Features which separate least effective from most effective teachers . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 25 : 165 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YAGER , R. E. 1991 . Science/Technology/Society as a major reform in science education: Its importance for teacher education . Teaching Education , 3 : 91 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• GEE , C. J. and GABEL , D. L. The first year of teaching: science in the elementary school . Paper presented at the National Association for Research in Science Teaching Annual Meeting . St Louis, Missouri.
   Google Scholar
• GINNS , I. S. and WATTERS , J. J. 1995 . An analysis of scientific understandings of preservice elementary teacher education students . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 32 : 205 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUOTAFSON , B. and ROWELL , P. 1995 . Elementary preservice teachers: constructing conceptions about learning science, teaching science and the nature of science . International Journal of Science Education , 17 : 589 – 605 .
   Google Scholar
• HALL , D. A. 1992 . The influence of an innovative activity-centered biology program on attitudes toward science teaching among preservice elementary teachers . School Science and Mathematics , 92 : 239 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• HOFSTEIN , A. , AIKENHEAD , G. and RIQUARTS , K. 1988 . Discussions over STS at the Fourth IOSTE Symposium . International Journal of Science Education , 10 : 357 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWE , A. C. and STUBBS , H. S. 1996 . Empowering science teachers: a model for professional development . Journal of Science Teacher Education , 8 : 167 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• HUINKER , D. and MADISON , P. 1997 . Preparing efficacious elementary teachers in science and mathematics: the influence of methods courses . Journal of Science Teacher Education , 8 : 107 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• HURD , P. D. 1986 . Perspectives for the reform of science education . Phi Delta Kappan , 85 : 281 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• JULYAN , C. and DUCKWORTH , E. 1996 . “ A constructivist perspective on teaching and learning science ” . In Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice , Edited by: Fosnot , C. T. 55 – 72 . New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• KELLY , J. and PONDER , G. 1997 . Evolution chaos, or perpetual motion?: A retrospective trend analysis of secondary science curriculum advocacy 1955-1994 . Journal of Curriculum and Supervision , 12 : 222 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• KEMPA , R. F. and AYOB , A. 1995 . Learning from group work in science . International Journal of Science Education , 17 : 743 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEDERMAN , N. G. , GESS-NEWSOME , J. and LATZ , M. S. 1994 . The nature and development of preservice science teachers' conceptions of subject matter and pedagogy . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 31 : 129 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARLOW , B. A. and PAGE , M. L. 1998 . Creating and Sustaining the Constructivist Classroom , Thousand Oaks, CA : Corwin Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• MARTIN , K. and REYNOLDS , S. 1996 . The learning laboratory: an ongoing conversation . The Constructivist , 11 : 15 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• MESTRE , J. P. 1991 . Learning and instruction in pre-college physical science . Physics Today , 9 : 56 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• MIDDLEBROOKS , S. November/ December 1998 . Science museums offer quality preservice education November/ December , 2 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• MULHOLLAND , J. and WALLACE , J. 1996 . Breaking the cycle: preparing elemenatry teachers to teach science . Journal of Elementary Science Education , 8 : 17 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• MATUSOV , E. and ROGOFF , B. 1995 . “ Evidence of development from people's participation in communities of learners ” . In Public Institutions for Personal Learning: Understanding the Long Term Impact of Museums , Edited by: Folk , J. 97 – 104 . Washington, DC : American Association of Museums .
   Google Scholar
• NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL . 1996 . National Science Education Standards , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION . 1992 . The Content Core , Washington, DC : National Science Teachers Association .
   Google Scholar
• ORLICH , D. C. , HARDER , R. J. , CALLAHAN , R. C. and GIBSON , H. W. 1998 . Teaching Strategies: A Guide to Better Instruction , New York : Houghton Mifflin Company .
   Google Scholar
• RUSSELL , R. L. 1996 . The role of science museums in teacher education . Informal Science Review , 19 : 16
   Google Scholar
• RUSSELL , T. 1993 . “ Learning to teach science: constructivism, reflection and learning from experience ” . In The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education , Edited by: Tob , K. 247 – 258 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• MICHELSON , A. M. and HAWKINS , S. 1994 . “ Current practice in science education of prospective elementary school teachers ” . In The Future of Science in Elementary Schools: Education Prospective Teachers , Edited by: Raizen , S. and Michelsohn , A. 151 – 161 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• PEDERSEN , J. E. and MCCURDY , D. W. 1992 . The effects of hands-on, minds-on teaching experiences on attitudes of preservice elementary teachers . Science Education , 76 : 141 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHILLIPS , D. D. 1995 . The good, the bad, and the ugly: the many faces of constructivism . Educational Research , 24 : 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• PRATHER , J. P. 1993 . Reform revisited: the trend toward Constructivist learning . Journal of Elementary Science Education , 5 : 52 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• RAIZEN , S. 1994 . The Future of Science in Elementary Schools: Educating Prospective Teachers , Edited by: MICHELSOHN , A. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• RENNER , J. W. , ABRAHAM , M. R. , GRYZBOWSKI , E. B. and MAREK , E. A. 1990 . Understandings and misunderstandings of eighth graders of four physics concepts found in textbooks . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 27 : 35 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• SAUNDERS , W. L. 1992 . The Constructivist perspective: implications and teaching strategies for science . School Science and Mathematics , 92 : 136 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• SHULMAN , L. 1986 . Those who understand: knowledge growth in teaching . Educational Researcher , 15 : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• SIMPSON , R. D. 1978 . “ Relating student feelings to achievement in science ” . In What Research Says to the Science Teacher , Edited by: Rowe , M. B. Vol. I , 40 – 54 . Washington, DC : National Science Teachers Association .
   Google Scholar
• SLATER , T. F. , CARPENTER , J. R. and SAFKO , J. L. 1996 . Dynamics of a Constructivist astronomy course for in-service teachers . Journal of Geoscience Education , 44 : 523 – 528 .
   Google Scholar
• STARR , E. M. 1995 . Cooperative learning and its effects on geology achievement and science attitudes of preservice elementary school teachers . Journal of Geological Education , 43 : 391 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• STEFANICH , G. P. and KELSEY , K. W. 1989 . Improving science attitudes of preservice elementary teachers . Science Education , 73 : 187 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEPANS , J. L. , MCCLUNG , P. A. and BEISWENGER , R. E. 1995 . A teacher education program in elementary science that connects content, methods, practicum, and student teaching . Journal of Science Teacher Education , 6 : 158 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• STOFFLETT , R. T. 1994 . Conceptual change in elementary school teacher candidate knowledge of rock-cycle processes . Journal of Geological Education , 42 : 494 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• THIRUNARAYANAN , M. O. 1997 . Promoting preservice teachers' awareness of community-based science education resource centers . Journal of Science Teacher Education , 8 : 69 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• TOBIAS , S. 1992 . Science education reform: what's wrong with the process? . Change , 24 : 13 – 19 .
   Google Scholar