Development of Items for a Pedagogical Content Knowledge Test Based on Empirical Analysis of Pupils' Errors

References

• Abell , S. K. 2007 . “ Research on science teacher knowledge ” . In Handbook of research on science education , Edited by: Abell , S. K. and Lederman , N. G. 1105 – 1149 . New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , P. A. , Schallert , D. L. and Hare , V. C. 1991 . Coming to terms: How researchers in learning and literacy talk about knowledge . Review of Educational Research , 61 ( 3 ) : 315 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , M. 2005 . Encouraging pupil error may promote better understanding of a scientific concept . School Science Review , 86 : 79 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , M. 2010 . Learner error, affectual stimulation, and conceptual change . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 47 ( 2 ) : 151 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashlock , R. B. 2005 . Error patterns in computation: Using error patterns to improve instruction , 9 , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bainbridge , R. 1981 . To err is human: Towards a more positive approach to young children's mistakes in arithmetic . Mathematics in School , 10 ( 5 ) : 10 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumert , J. , Kunter , M. , Blum , W. , Brunner , M. , Voss , T. , Jordan , A. and Tsai , Y.-M. 2010 . Teachers' mathematical knowledge, cognitive activation in the classroom, and student progress . American Educational Research Journal , 47 : 133 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter , J. A. and Lederman , N. G. 1999 . “ Assessment and measurement of pedagogical content knowledge ” . In Examining pedagogical content knowledge , Edited by: Gess-Newsome , J. and Lederman , N. G. 147 – 161 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Blömeke , S. , Felbrich , A. and Müller , C. 2008 . “ Messung des erziehungswissenschaftlichenWissens angehender Lehrkräfte [Assessment of student teachers' pedagogical knowledge] ” . In Professionelle Kompetenz angehender Lehrerinnen und Lehrer—Wissen, Überzeugungen und Lerngelegenheiten deutscher Mathematikstudierender und -referendare: Erste Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit der Lehrerausbildung [Professional competence of future teachers---knowledge, beliefs and opportunities for learning of math students and pre-service teachers: Initial results on the effectiveness for teacher education] , Edited by: Blömeke , S. , Kaiser , G. and Lehmann , R. 171 – 194 . Münster , , Germany : Waxmann .
   Google Scholar
• Bouvier , A. 1987 . The right to make mistakes . For the Learning of Mathematics , 7 ( 3 ) : 17 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Caleon , I. S. and Subramaniam , R. 2010 . Do students know what they know and what they don't know? Using a Four-tier diagnostic test to assess the nature of students' alternative conceptions . Research in Science Education , 40 : 313 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi , M. T.H. , Slotta , J. D. and DeLeeuw , N. 1994 . From things to processes: A theory of conceptual change for learning science concepts . Learning and Instruction , 4 : 27 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. and Yarden , A. 2009 . Experienced junior-high-school teachers' PCK in light of a curriculum change: ‘The cell is to be studied longitudinal’ . Research in Science Education , 39 : 131 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cokelez , A. , Dumon , A. and Taber , K. S. 2008 . Upper secondary French pupils, chemical transformations and the ‘Register of models’ . International Journal of Science Education , 30 ( 6 ) : 807 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , T. and Ferguson-Hessler , M. G.M. 1996 . Types and qualities of knowledge . Educational Psychologist , 31 ( 2 ) : 105 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Laughter , J. E. and Stein , S. 1998 . Preconceptions about earth science among pupils in an introductory course . Eos , 79 : 429 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Driver , R. P. 1981 . Pupils' alternative frameworks in science . European Journal of Science Education , 3 ( 1 ) : 93 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Duit , R. , Treagust , D. and Widodo , A. 2008 . “ Teaching science for conceptual change: Theory and practice ” . In International handbook of research on conceptual change , Edited by: Vosniadou , S. 629 – 646 . New York, London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. and Simon , H. A. 1993 . Protocol analysis , Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Field , A. 2009 . Discovering statistics using SPSS , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , H. E. , Borowski , A. and Tepner , O. in press . “ Professional knowledge of science teachers ” . In Second international handbook of science education , Edited by: Fraser , B. , Tobin , K. and McRobbie , C. New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrichsen , P. , Abell , S. , Pareja , E. , Brown , P. , Lankford , D. and Volkmann , M. 2009 . Does teaching experience matter? Examining biology teachers' prior knowledge for teaching in an alternative certification program . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 46 : 357 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , J. , Osborne , R. and Fensham , P. 1982 . Children's science and its consequences for teaching . Science Education , 66 : 623 – 633 .
   Google Scholar
• Gwet , K. L. 2002 . Kappa statistic is not satisfactory for assessing the extent of agreement between raters . Statistical Methods For Inter-Rater Reliability Assessment , 1 : 1 – 5 . Retrieved from http://agreestat.com/research_papers/kappa_statistic_is_not_satisfactory.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gwet , K. L. 2008 . “ Interrater reliability ” . In Wiley encyclopedia of clinical trials Edited by: D'Agostino , R. B. , Sullivan , L. and Massaro , J. 473 – 485 . Wiley-Interscience. Retrieved from http://advancedanalyticsllc.com/irrhbk/research_papers/wiley_encyclopedia2008_eoct631.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hammann , M. 2003 . Aus Fehlern lernen [Learning by errors] . Unterricht Biologie , 287 : 31 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Hashweh , M. 2005 . Teacher pedagogical constructions: A reconfiguration of PCK . Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice , 11 : 273 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Helm , H. 1980 . Misconceptions in physics amongst South African pupils . Physics Education , 15 : 92 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Helmke , A. and Schrader , F.-W. 1987 . Interactional effects of instructional quality and teacher judgment accuracy on achievement . Teaching and Teacher Education , 3 : 91 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henze , I. , van Driel , J. H. and Verloop , N. 2008 . Development of experienced science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge of models of the solar system and the universe . International Journal of Science Education , 30 ( 10 ) : 1321 – 1342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , H. C. and Ball , D. L. 2004 . Learning mathematics for teaching: Results from California's mathematics professional development institutes . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 35 ( 5 ) : 330 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , H. C. , Ball , D. L. and Schilling , S. G. 2008 . Unpacking pedagogical content knowledge: Conceptualizing and measuring teachers' topic-specific knowledge of pupils . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 39 : 372 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , H. C. , Rowan , B. and Loewenberg Ball , D. 2005 . Effects of teachers' mathematical knowledge for teaching on student achievement . American Educational Research Journal , 42 : 371 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosenfeld , I. , Helmke , A. and Schrader , F.-W. 2002 . “ Diagnostische Kompetenz: Unterrichts- und lernrelevante Schülermerkmale und deren Einschätzung durch Lehrkräfte in der Lehr-Lern-Studie SALVE [Diagnotic competency: teaching and learning relevant to student characteristics and the teachers' prediction in the teaching-learning study SALVE] ” . In Bildungsqualität von Schule: Schulische und außerschulische Bedingungen mathematischer, naturwissenschaftlicher und überfachlicher Kompetenzen. Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 45. Beiheft [Quality of education: educational and extracurricular conditions of mathematical, scientific and interdisciplinary competencies. Journal for Pedagogy, 45. supplement] , Edited by: Prenzel , M. and Doll , J. 65 – 82 . Weinheim : Beltz .
   Google Scholar
• Houssart , J. and Weller , B. 1999 . Identifying and dealing with misconceptions and errors in primary mathematics: Student teachers record their experiences . Mathematics Education Review , 11 : 46 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh , H.-F. and Shannon , S. E. 2005 . Three approaches to qualitative content analysis . Qualitative Health Research , 15 ( 9 ) : 1277 – 1288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jüttner , M. and Neuhaus , B. 2010 . “ Using empirically analyzed pupils' errors to develop a PCK-test ” . In Contemporary science education research: Preservice and inservice teacher education , Edited by: Taşar , M. F. and Çakmakcı , G. 331 – 340 . Ankara , Turkey : Pegem Akademi .
   Google Scholar
• Jüttner , M. and Neuhaus , B. 2011 . “ Vom Schülerfehler zum PCK – Test. Ansätze zur Entwicklung von PCK – Items [A PCK-test based on students' errors. Rudiments for developing PCK items] ” . In Lehr- und Lernforschung in der Biologiedidaktik. Band 4 [Research on learning and instruction in biology education] , Edited by: Harms , U. and Mackensen-Friedrichs , I. 27 – 39 . Innsbruck : Studien Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kind , V. 2009 . Pedagogical content knowledge in science education: Perspectives and potential for progress . Studies in Science Education , 45 ( 29 ) : 169 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Krüger , D. 2007 . “ Die Conceptuale Change-Theorie [The conceptual change theory] ” . In Handbuch der Theorien in der biologiedidaktischen Forschung [Handbook of research on theories in biology education] , Edited by: Krüger , D. and Vogt , H. 81 – 92 . Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Landis , J. R. and Koch , G. G. 1977 . The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data . Biometrics , 33 ( 1 ) : 159 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , E. and Luft , J. A. 2008 . Experienced secondary science teachers' representation of pedagogical content knowledge . International Journal of Science Education , 30 : 1343 – 1363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton , J. P. Paper presented at the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME) . CA . Two types of think aloud interviews for educational measurement: Protocol and verbal analysis ,
   Google Scholar
• Lipowsky , F. 2006 . Auf den Lehrer kommt es an. Empirische Evidenzen für Zusammenhänge zwischen Lehrerkompetenzen, Lehrerhandeln und dem Lernen der Schüler [It depends on the teacher. Empirical evidences of the connection between teachers' competence, teachers' acting and the learning of the pupils] . Zeitschrift für Pädagogik , 52 ( 51 ) : 47 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Loughran , J. , Mulhall , P. and Berry , A. 2008 . Exploring pedagogical content knowledge in science teacher education . International Journal of Science Education , 30 ( 10 ) : 1301 – 1320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson , S. , Krajcik , J. and Borko , H. 1999 . “ Nature, sources and development of pedagogical content knowledge for science teaching ” . In Examining pedagogical content knowledge: The construct and its implications for science education , Edited by: Gess-Newsome , J. and Lederman , N. G. 95 – 131 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Mayring, P. (2000). Qualitative Content Analysis [28 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(2), Art. 20. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0002204
   Google Scholar
• Nebah, S.J. (2002). Do people learn from mistakes? A pedagogical study and analysis of autobiographies and interviews. Dissertation Departement Erziehungswissenschaften, Universität Fribourg.
   Google Scholar
• Novak , G. S. 1977 . “ Representations of knowledge in a program for solving physics problems ” . In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , 286 – 291 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oser , F. , Hascher , T. and Spychiger , M. 1999 . “ Lernen aus Fehlern. Zur Psychologie der ‘negativen’ Wissens [Learning out of errors. About the psychology of the ‘negative’ knowledge] ” . In Fehlerwelten: vom Fehlermachen und Lernen aus Fehlern [World of errors: about making errors and learning by errors] , Edited by: Althof , W. 11 – 43 . Opladen : Leske + Budrich .
   Google Scholar
• Oser , F. and Spychiger , M. 2005 . Lernen ist schmerzhaft. Zur Theorie des negativen Wissens und zur Praxis der Fehlerkultur [Learning is painful. About the theory of the negative knowledge and about the practice of the culture of errors] , Weinheim : Beltz .
   Google Scholar
• Paris , S. , Lipson , M. and Wixson , K. 1983 . Becoming a strategic reader . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 8 : 293 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. , Jang , J.-Y. and Chen , Y.-C. 2010 . Is Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) necessary for reformed science teaching? Evidence from an empirical study . Research in Science Education , 41 : 245 – 260 . doi:10.1007/s11165-009-9163-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. and Oliver , J. S. 2008 . Revisiting the conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): PCK as a conceptual tool to understand teachers as professionals . Research in Science Education , 38 : 261 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmelzing , S. , Wüsten , S. , Sandmann , A. and Neuhaus , B. 2010 . “ Measuring declarative and reflective components of biology teachers' pedagogical content knowledge ” . In Contemporary science education research: Teaching , Edited by: Tasar , M. F. and Cakmakci , G. 71 – 77 . Ankara , Turkey : Pegem Akademi .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , W. H. , Tatto , M. T. , Bankov , K. , Blömeke , S. , Cedillo , T. , Cogan , L. … and Schwille , J. 2007 . The preparation gap: Teacher education for middle school mathematics in six countries. Mathematics teaching in the 21st century (MT21) (pp. 1–47), MSU Center for Research in Mathematics and Science Education , Retrieved August 2, 2011, from http://usteds.msu.edu/MT21Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Schori , E. , Kersten , B. and Abderhalden , C. 2006 . Wie reliabel ist der Fragebogen zur Analyse der Pflegedokumentation IzEP-Dok© im Instrument zur Erfassung von Pflegesystemen IzEP©? [How reliable is the questionnaire for the analysis of nursing documentation IzEP-Dok© as part of the measurement instrument for collecting data of the care systems IzEP©?] . Printernet Angewandte Pflegeforschung , 8 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher , R. 2008 . “ Der produktive Umgang mit Fehlern. Fehler als Lerngelegenheit und Orientierungshilfe [The productive handling with errors. Errors as learning opportunity and for orientation] ” . In Nur wer Fehler macht, kommt weiter. Wege zu einer neuen Lernkultur [Only the one who is making errors is going one step further. Ways to a new learning culture] , Edited by: Caspary , R. 7 – 11 . Freiburg : Herder .
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz , B. , Wissmach , B. and Kaiser , G. 2008 . ‘Last curves not quite correct’: diagnostic competences of future teachers with regard to modelling and graphical representations . ZDM – The International Journal on Mathematics Education , 40 ( 5 ) : 777 – 790 .
   Google Scholar
• Seidel , T. and Shavelson , R. J. 2007 . Teaching effectiveness research in the past decade: The role of theory and research design in disentangling meta-analysis results . Review of Education Research , 77 : 454 – 499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifried , J. and Wuttke , E. 2010 . Student errors: how teachers diagnose them and how they respond to them . Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training (ERVET) , 2 ( 2 ) : 147 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Shoukri , M. M. 2004 . Measures of interobserver agreement , Boca Raton , FL : CRC PR Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Shrout , P. E. and Fleiss , J. L. 1979 . Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability . Psychological Bulletin , 86 ( 2 ) : 420 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulman , L. 1986 . Those who understand. Knowledge growth in teaching . Educational Researcher , 15 : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Shulman , L. 1987 . Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform . Havard Educational Review , 57 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spychiger , M. 2008 . “ Ein offenes Spiel. Lernen aus Fehlern und Entwicklung von Fehlerkutur [An open play. Learning by errors and the development of the culture of errors] ” . In Nur wer Fehler macht, kommt weiter. Wege zu einer neuen Lernkultur [Only the one who is making errors is going one step further. Ways to a new learning culture] , Edited by: Caspary , R. 25 – 48 . Freiburg : Herder .
   Google Scholar
• Taber , K. S. 2009 . Progressing science education: Constructing the scientific research programme into the contingent nature of learning science , Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Tanner , K. and Allen , D. 2005 . Approaches to biology teaching and learning: From a scholarly approach to teaching to the scholarship of teaching . Cell Biology Education , 4 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Tatto, M. T., Schwille, J., Senk, S., Ingvarson, L., Peck, R., Rowley, G., … Cogan, L. (2007). Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics (TEDS-M 2008). Conceptual Framework. Field Trial. Teacher Education and Development International Study Center, East Lansing, MI: College of Education, Michigan State University.
   Google Scholar
• Tepner , O. , Borowski , A. , Fischer , H. E. , Jüttner , M. , Kirschner , S. , Leutner , D., … and Witner , S. submitted . Modell zur Entwicklung von Testitems zur Erfassung des Professionswissens von Lehrkräften in den Naturwissenschaften [Theoretical model for the development of test-items to collect data about professional knowledge of science teachers] . Zeitschrift der Naturwissenschaften ,
   Google Scholar
• Treagust , D. F. 1988 . Development and use of diagnostic tests to evaluate students' misconceptions in science . International Journal of Science Education , 10 ( 2 ) : 159 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , C.-C. and Chou , C. 2002 . Diagnosing pupils' alternative conceptions in science . Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 18 : 157 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsamir , P. , Rasslan , S. and Dreyfus , T. 2006 . Prospective teachers' reactions to right-or-wrong tasks: The case of derivatives of absolute value functions . Journal of Mathematical Behavior , 25 : 240 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Driel , J. H. , Beijaard , D. and Verloop , N. 2001 . Professional development and reform in science education: The role of teachers' practical knowledge . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 38 : 137 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Driel , J. H. , Verloop , N. and de Vos , W. 1998 . Developing science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 35 : 673 – 695 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar