Comprehensive review on alloy design, processing, and performance of β Titanium alloys as biomedical materials

References

• Miyazaki S. My experience with Ti–Ni-based and Ti-based shape memory alloys. Shap Mem Superelasticity. 2017;3(4):279–314. doi: 10.1007/s40830-017-0122-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Miyazaki S. Martensitic transformation and superelastic properties of Ti-Nb base alloys. Mater Trans. 2015;56(5):625–634. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2014454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesiekierski A, Wang J, Gepreel MA-H, et al. A new look at biomedical Ti-based shape memory alloys. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(5):1661–1669. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orthopedic implants market. https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/orthopedic-implants-market.
   Google Scholar
• Manivasagam G, Dhinasekaran D, Rajamanickam A. Biomedical implants: corrosion and its prevention – a review∼!2009-12-22∼!2010-01-20∼!2010-05-25∼!. Recent Pat Corros Sci. 2010;2:40–54. doi: 10.2174/1877610801002010040
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz AJ, Fernández E, Vicente A, et al. Metallic ions released from stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium orthodontic alloys: toxicity and DNA damage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(3):e115–e122. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Thouas GA. Metallic implant biomaterials. Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2015;87:1–57. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2014.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanawa T. Metal ion release from metal implants. Mater Sci Eng C. 2004;24(6):745–752. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2004.08.018
   Google Scholar
• Hallab NJ, Jacobs JJ. Biologic effects of implant debris. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2009;67(2):182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang Y, Jia T, Wooley PH, et al. Current research in the pathogenesis of aseptic implant loosening associated with particulate wear debris. Acta. 2013;79(1):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Huber M, Reinisch G, Trettenhahn G, et al. Presence of corrosion products and hypersensitivity-associated reactions in periprosthetic tissue after aseptic loosening of total hip replacements with metal bearing surfaces. Acta Biomater. 2009;5(1):172–180. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman SB. Wear particles, periprosthetic osteolysis and the immune system. Biomaterials. 2007;28(34):5044–5048. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.06.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit H, Glyn-Jones S, McLardy-Smith P, et al. Pseudotumours associated with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90-B(7):847–851. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.90B7.20213
   Google Scholar
• Mao X, Tay GH, Godbolt DB, et al. Pseudotumor in a well-fixed metal-on-polyethylene uncemented hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27(3):493.e13–493.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2011.07.015
   Google Scholar
• Mahendra G, Pandit H, Kliskey K, et al. Necrotic and inflammatory changes in metal-on-metal resurfacing hip arthroplasties. Acta Orthop. 2009;80(6):653–659. doi: 10.3109/17453670903473016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khouzani MK, Bahrami A, Eslami A. Metallurgical aspects of failure in a broken femoral HIP prosthesis. Eng Failure Anal. 2018;90:168–178. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.03.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Valle AG, Becksaç B, Anderson J, et al. Late fatigue fracture of a modern cemented forged cobalt chrome stem for total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20(8):1084–1088. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2005.03.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Rodriguez M, Ortega-Saenz J, Contreras-Hernandez GR. Failure analysis of a total hip prosthesis implanted in active patient. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2010;3(8):619–622. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grupp TM, Weik T, Bloemer W, et al. Modular titanium alloy neck adapter failures in hip replacement – failure mode analysis and influence of implant material. BMC Musculoskel Disord. 2010;11(1):3. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellman MB, Levine BR. Fracture of the modular femoral neck component in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(1):e191–196.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2011.05.024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Long M, Rack H. Titanium alloys in total joint replacement—a materials science perspective. Biomaterials. 1998;19(18):1621–1639. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00146-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rho JY, Ashman RB, Turner CH. Young’s modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J Biomech. 1993;26(2):111–119. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(93)90042-D
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanlalit C, Shukla DR, Fitzsimmons JS, et al. Stress shielding around radial head Prostheses. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(10):2118–2125. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.06.020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engh Jr CA, Young AM, Engh Sr CA, et al. Clinical consequences of stress shielding after porous-coated total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;417:157–163.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro M, Monteiro FJ, Ferraz MP. Infection of orthopedic implants with emphasis on bacterial adhesion process and techniques used in studying bacterial-material interactions. Biomaterials. 2012;2(4):176–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campoccia D, Montanaro L, Arciola CR. The significance of infection related to orthopedic devices and issues of antibiotic resistance. Biomaterials. 2006;27(11):2331–2339. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman SB, Yao Z, Keeney M, et al. The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials. 2013;34(13):3174–3183. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darouiche RO. Treatment of Infections associated with Surgical implants. New Engl J Med. 2004;350(14):1422–1429. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra035415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goriainov V, Cook R, Latham JM, et al. Bone and metal: an orthopaedic perspective on osseointegration of metals. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(10):4043–4057. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramazanoglu M, Oshida Y. Osseointegration and bioscience of implant surfaces-current concepts at bone-implant interface. INTECH Open Access Publisher; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, García AJ. Biomaterial strategies for engineering implants for enhanced osseointegration and bone repair. Adv Drug Del Rev. 2015;94(, ):53–62. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito M, Hirsch JM, Lekholm U, et al. Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants, (II). Etiopathogenesis. Eur J Oral Sci. 1998;106(3):721–764. doi: 10.1046/j.0909-8836..t01-6-.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geetha M, Singh A, Asokamani R, et al. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – a review. Prog Mater Sci. 2009;54(3):397–425. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunčická L, Kocich R, Lowe TC. Advances in metals and alloys for joint replacement. Prog Mater Sci. 2017;88:232–280. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinomi M, Nakai M, Hieda J. Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(11):3888–3903. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee D, Williams J. Perspectives on Titanium science and technology. Acta Mater. 2013;61(3):844–879. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C, Ju C-P, Chern Lin J. Structure-property relationship of cast Ti-Nb alloys. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29(4):314–322. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00825.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morinaga M, Yukawa N, Maya T, et al. Theoretical design of titanium alloys. Sixth World Conference on Titanium III; Cannes, France; 1988. p. 1601–1606.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Hady M, Hinoshita K, Morinaga M. General approach to phase stability and elastic properties of β-type Ti-alloys using electronic parameters. Scr Mater. 2006;55(5):477–480. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.04.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You L, Song X. A study of low Young’s modulus Ti–Nb–Zr alloys using d electrons alloy theory. Scr Mater. 2012;67(1):57–60. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.03.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morinaga M, Yukawa N, Adachi H. Alloying effect on the electronic structure of BCC Fe. J Phys F Met Phys. 1985;15(5):1071. doi: 10.1088/0305-4608/15/5/012
   Google Scholar
• Kuroda D, Niinomi M, Morinaga M, et al. Design and mechanical properties of new β type titanium alloys for implant materials. Mater Sci Eng A. 1998;243(1):244–249. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00808-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abd-elrhman Y, Gepreel MA-H, Abdel-Moniem A, et al. Compatibility assessment of new V-free low-cost Ti–4.7Mo–4.5Fe alloy for some biomedical applications. Mater Des. 2016;97(, ):445–453. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.02.110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent D, Wang G, Dargusch M. Effects of phase stability and processing on the mechanical properties of Ti–Nb based β Ti alloys. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013;28:15–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang S, Feng X, Yin L, et al. Development of a new β Ti alloy with low modulus and favorable plasticity for implant material. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;61:338–343. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu SJ, Cai FF, Cui CX, et al. Design and research on mechanical properities of new type low modulus biomedical metastable β titanium alloy. Adv Mat Res. 2011;311:1667–1672.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Yang C, Wang F, et al. Biomedical TiNbZrTaSi alloys designed by d-electron alloy design theory. Mater Des. 2015;85:7–13. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Changeable Young’s modulus with large elongation-to-failure in β-type titanium alloys for spinal fixation applications. Scr Mater. 2014;82(, ):29–32. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.03.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brozek C, Sun F, Vermaut P, et al. A β-titanium alloy with extra high strain-hardening rate: design and mechanical properties. Scr Mater. 2016;114(, ):60–64. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.11.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteleur M, Sun F, Gloriant T, et al. On the design of new β-metastable titanium alloys with improved work hardening rate thanks to simultaneous TRIP and TWIP effects. Scr Mater. 2012;66(10):749–752. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghpour S, Abbasi S, Morakabati M, et al. On the compressive deformation behavior of new beta titanium alloys designed by d-electron method. J Alloys Compd. 2018;746(, ):206–217. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.02.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghpour S, Abbasi S, Morakabati M, et al. A new multi-element beta titanium alloy with a high yield strength exhibiting transformation and twinning induced plasticity effects. Scr Mater. 2018;145:104–108. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.10.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikehata H, Nagasako N, Furuta T, et al. First-principles calculations for development of low elastic modulus Ti alloys. Phys Rev B. 2004;70(17):174113. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.174113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tane M, Akita S, Nakano T, et al. Peculiar elastic behavior of Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr single crystals. Acta Mater. 2008;56(12):2856–2863. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Li S, Sun S, et al. Elastic deformation behaviour of Ti–24Nb–4Zr–7.9Sn for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2007;3(2):277–286. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Li S, Sun S, et al. Super-elastic titanium alloy with unstable plastic deformation. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;87(9):091906. doi: 10.1063/1.2037192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahl S, Krishnamurthy AS, Suwas S, et al. Controlled nanoscale precipitation to enhance the mechanical and biological performances of a metastable β Ti-Nb-Sn alloy for orthopedic applications. Mater Des. 2017;126:226–237. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozan S, Lin J, Li Y, et al. Development of Ti–Nb–Zr alloys with high elastic admissible strain for temporary orthopedic devices. Acta Biomater. 2015;20:176–187. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozan S, Lin J, Li Y, et al. New Ti-Ta-Zr-Nb alloys with ultrahigh strength for potential orthopedic implant applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;75:119–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J, Ozan S, Li Y, et al. Novel Ti-Ta-Hf-Zr alloys with promising mechanical properties for prospective stent applications. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37901. doi: 10.1038/srep37901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Dong C, Liaw PK. Structural stabilities of β-Ti alloys studied using a new Mo equivalent derived from [β/(α + β)] phase-boundary slopes. Metall Mater Trans A. 2015;46(8):3440–3447. doi: 10.1007/s11661-015-2923-3
   Google Scholar
• Lee S-H, Todai M, Tane M, et al. Biocompatible low Young’s modulus achieved by strong crystallographic elastic anisotropy in Ti–15Mo–5Zr–3Al alloy single crystal. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;14:48–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tane M, Nakano T, Kuramoto S, et al. Low Young’s modulus in Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr–O alloys: cold working and oxygen effects. Acta Mater. 2011;59(18):6975–6988. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stráský J, Harcuba P, Václavová K, et al. Increasing strength of a biomedical Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr alloy by alloying with Fe, Si and O. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;71:329–336. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, He W, Ding L, et al. First principles studies on the elastic, thermodynamic properties and electronic structure of Ti 15−x Mo x Sn compounds. Curr Appl Phys. 2018;18(3):280–288. doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2017.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Q-M, Li S-J, Hao Y-L, et al. Phase stability and elastic modulus of Ti alloys containing Nb, Zr, and/or Sn from first-principles calculations. Appl Phys Lett. 2008;93(12):121902. doi: 10.1063/1.2988270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe D, Sander B, Friák M, et al. Theory-guided bottom-up design of β-titanium alloys as biomaterials based on first principles calculations: theory and experiments. Acta Mater. 2007;55(13):4475–4487. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.04.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You L, Song X, Zhang Y, et al. First-principles calculations of the elastic poperties of the Teta-Ti-Nb-Zr ternary alloys. Ti 2011 – Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Titanium; Beijing, China; 2012. p. 2160–2163.
   Google Scholar
• Karre R, Niranjan MK, Dey SR. First principles theoretical investigations of low Young’s modulus beta Ti–Nb and Ti–Nb–Zr alloys compositions for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2015;50:52–58. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.01.061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Tian H, Hao C, et al. First-principles calculations of elastic moduli of Ti–Mo–Nb alloys using a cluster-plus-glue-atom model for stable solid solutions. J Mater Sci. 2013;48(8):3138–3146. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-7091-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahara R, Emura S, Ii S, et al. First-principles study of electronic structures and stability of body-centered cubic Ti–Mo alloys by special quasirandom structures. Sci Technol Adv Mater. 2014;15(3):035014. doi: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/3/035014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojha A, Sehitoglu H. Critical stresses for twinning, slip, and transformation in Ti-based shape memory alloys. Shap Mem Superelasticity. 2016;2(2):180–195. doi: 10.1007/s40830-016-0061-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojha A, Sehitoglu H. Critical stress for the bcc–hcp martensite nucleation in Ti–6.25at.%Ta and Ti–6.25at.%Nb alloys. Comput Mater Sci. 2016;111:157–162. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.08.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury P, Sehitoglu H. Deformation physics of shape memory alloys – fundamentals at atomistic frontier. Prog Mater Sci. 2017;88(, ):49–88. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury P, Sehitoglu H. A revisit to atomistic rationale for slip in shape memory alloys. Prog Mater Sci. 2017;85:1–42. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi R, Liu H, Yi D, et al. Precipitation hardening and microstructure evolution of the Ti–7Nb–10Mo alloy during aging. Mater. 2016;63:577–586.
   Google Scholar
• Wan W, Liu H, Jiang Y, et al. Microstructure characterization and property tailoring of a biomedical Ti–19Nb–1.5Mo–4Zr–8Sn alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;637:130–138. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S, Takeichi T, Nakai K, et al. Acceleration or suppression of α-phase precipitation using isothermal ω phase in Ti-20 at.pct Nb alloy. Metall Mater Trans A. 2014;45(3):1217–1229. doi: 10.1007/s11661-013-2092-1
   Google Scholar
• Bahl S, Das S, Suwas S, et al. Engineering the next-generation tin containing β titanium alloys with high strength and low modulus for orthopedic applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;78:124–133. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afonso CR, Ferrandini PL, Ramirez AJ, et al. High resolution transmission electron microscopy study of the hardening mechanism through phase separation in a β-Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta alloy for implant applications. Acta Biomater. 2010;6(4):1625–1629. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrandini PL, Cardoso FF, Souza SA, et al. Aging response of the Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta and Ti–35Nb–7Ta alloys. J Alloys Compd. 2007;433(1):207–210. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.06.094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homma T, Arafah A, Haley D, et al. Effect of alloying elements on microstructural evolution in oxygen content controlled Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (wt%) alloys for biomedical applications during aging. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;709:312–321. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J, Ozan S, Munir K, et al. Effects of solution treatment and aging on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of a β type Ti–Ta–Hf–Zr alloy. RSC Adv. 2017;7(20):12309–12317. doi: 10.1039/C6RA28464G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X-Q, Niu H-Z, Yu Z-T, et al. Microstructural adjustments and mechanical properties of a cold-rolled biomedical near β−Ti alloy sheet. Rare Met. 2018;37(10):846–851. doi: 10.1007/s12598-016-0801-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Lu W, Qin J, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-rolled TiNbTaZr biomedical β titanium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2008;490(1–2):421–426. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2008.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Cui T, Hao Y, et al. Fatigue properties of a metastable β-type titanium alloy with reversible phase transformation. Acta Biomater. 2008;4(2):305–317. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan C, Wu Y, Guo L, et al. Microstructure, texture evolution and mechanical properties of cold rolled Ti-32.5Nb-6.8Zr-2.7Sn biomedical beta titanium alloy. J Mater Sci Technol. 2018;34(5):788–792. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González M, Peña J, Gil F, et al. Low modulus Ti–Nb–Hf alloy for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014;42:691–695. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banumathy S, Mandal R, Singh A. Structure of orthorhombic martensitic phase in binary Ti–Nb alloys. J Appl Phys. 2009;106(9):093518. doi: 10.1063/1.3255966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto H, Watanabe S, Hanada S. Microstructures and mechanical properties of metastable β TiNbSn alloys cold rolled and heat treated. J Alloys Compd. 2007;439(1):146–155. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.08.267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes ARV, Borborema S, Araújo LS, et al. Production, microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-rolled Ti-Nb-Mo-Zr alloys for orthopedic applications. J Alloys Compd. 2018;743:141–145. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raducanu D, Cojocaru VD, Nocivin A, et al. Microstructural features and local properties evolution in a heavy plastic deformed Ti-29Nb-9Ta-10Zr (wt%) alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;689:25–33. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisata Y, Kobayashi E, Sato T. Influence of Nb addition on phase constitution and mechanical properties of biomedical Ti-Zr based alloys. Mater Trans. 2015;56(9):1553–1557. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2015118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun J, Yao Q, Xing H, et al. Elastic properties of β, α″ and ω metastable phases in Ti–Nb alloy from first-principles. J Phys: Condens Matter. 2007;19(48):486215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cojocaru V, Raducanu D, Gordin D, et al. Texture in ultra-strength Ti–25Ta–25Nb alloy strips. J Alloys Compd. 2013;576:170–176. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.04.125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozan S, Lin J, Li Y, et al. Deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of a thermomechanically processed β Ti–28Nb–35.4Zr alloy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;78:224–234. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai S, Wang Y, Chen F. Effects of annealing on the microstructures and mechanical properties of biomedical cold-rolled Ti–Nb–Zr–Mo–Sn alloy. Mater Charact. 2015;104:16–22. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2015.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akahori T, Niinomi M, Fukui H, et al. Fatigue, fretting fatigue and corrosion characteristics of biocompatible beta type titanium alloy conducted with various thermo-mechanical treatments. Mater Trans. 2004;45(5):1540–1548. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.45.1540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai M, Niinomi M, Oneda T. Improvement in fatigue strength of biomedical β-type Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr alloy while maintaining low Young’s modulus through optimizing ω-phase precipitation. Metall Mater Trans A. 2012;43(1):294–302. doi: 10.1007/s11661-011-0860-3
   Google Scholar
• Zhou Y-L, Luo D-M. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti–Mo alloys cold-rolled and heat treated. Mater Charact. 2011;62(10):931–937. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2011.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Development of thermo-mechanical processing for fabricating highly durable -type Ti–Nb–Ta–Zr rod for use in spinal fixation devices. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2012;9:207–216. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panigrahi A, Sulkowski B, Waitz T, et al. Mechanical properties, structural and texture evolution of biocompatible Ti–45Nb alloy processed by severe plastic deformation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;62:93–105. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.04.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharman K, Bazarnik P, Brynk T, et al. Enhancement in mechanical properties of a β-titanium alloy by high-pressure torsion. J Mater Res Technol. 2015;4(1):79–83. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2014.10.010
   Google Scholar
• Yilmazer H, Niinomi M, Cho K, et al. Nanostructure and fatigue behavior of β-type titanium alloy subjected to high-pressure torsion after aging treatment. Adv Mat Res. 2014;891:9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmazer H, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Mechanical properties of a medical β-type titanium alloy with specific microstructural evolution through high-pressure torsion. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33(5):2499–2507. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmazer H, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of a biomedical β-type titanium alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation after aging treatment. Key Eng Mater. 2012;508:152–160. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.508.152
   Google Scholar
• Kent D, Wang G, Yu Z, et al. Strength enhancement of a biomedical titanium alloy through a modified accumulative roll bonding technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011;4(3):405–416. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Z, Wang L, Xue X, et al. Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a Ti–35Nb–3Zr–2Ta biomedical alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33(8):4551–4561. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan P, Elshalakany AB, Osman T, et al. Effect of Fe content, sintering temperature and powder processing on the microstructure, fracture and mechanical behaviours of Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe alloys. J Alloys Compd. 2017;729:1215–1225. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Li H, Yuan B, et al. High recoverable strain tailoring by Zr adjustment of sintered Ti-13Nb-(0-6)Zr biomedical alloys. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2017;75:574–580. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elshalakany AB, Ali S, Mata AA, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-Mo-Zr-Cr biomedical alloys by powder metallurgy. J Mater Eng Perform. 2017;26(3):1262–1271. doi: 10.1007/s11665-017-2531-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes MW, Ágreda CG, Bressiani AH, et al. A new titanium based alloy Ti–27Nb–13Zr produced by powder metallurgy with biomimetic coating for use as a biomaterial. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;63:671–677. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein M, Suryanarayana C, Al-Aqeeli N. Fabrication of nano-grained Ti–Nb–Zr biomaterials using spark plasma sintering. Mater Des. 2015;87:693–700. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazari KA, Nouri A, Hilditch T. Mechanical properties and microstructure of powder metallurgy Ti–xNb–yMo alloys for implant materials. Mater Des. 2015;88:1164–1174. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Zou L, Yang C, et al. Ultrafine-grained Ti-based composites with high strength and low modulus fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;560:857–861. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.09.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou L, Yang C, Long Y, et al. Fabrication of biomedical Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta alloys by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Powder Metall. 2012;55(1):65–70. doi: 10.1179/1743290111Y.0000000021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suryanarayana C, Ivanov E. 3 - Mechanochemical synthesis of nanocrystalline metal powders. In: Chang I, Zhao Y, editors. Advances in powder metallurgy. Woodhead Publishing; 2013. p. 42–68.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov E, del Rio E, Kapchemnko I, et al. Development of bio-compatible beta Ti alloy powders for additive manufacturing for application in patient-specific orthopedic implants. Key Eng Mater. 2018;770:9–17. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.770.9
   Google Scholar
• Taddei E, Henriques V, Silva C, et al. Production of new titanium alloy for orthopedic implants. Mater Sci Eng C. 2004;24(5):683–687. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2004.08.011
   Google Scholar
• Yılmaz E, Gökçe A, Findik F, et al. Characterization of biomedical Ti-16Nb-(0–4)Sn alloys produced by powder injection molding. Vacuum. 2017;142:164–174. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.05.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidaux J-E, Closuit C, Rodriguez-Arbaizar M, et al. Metal injection moulding of low modulus Ti–Nb alloys for biomedical applications. Powder Metall. 2013;56(4):263–266. doi: 10.1179/0032589913Z.000000000118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo S, Chu A, Wu H, et al. Effect of sintering processing on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Ti–24Nb–4Zr–7.9Sn alloy for biomedical applications. J Alloys Compd. 2014;597:211–216. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.01.087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabban R, Bahl S, Chatterjee K, et al. Globularization using heat treatment in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V for high strength and toughness. Acta Mater. 2019;162:239–254. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahl S, Mishra S, Yazar KU, et al. Non-equilibrium microstructure, crystallographic texture and morphological texture synergistically result in unusual mechanical properties of 3D printed 316L stainless steel. Addit. 2019;28:65–77.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Klemm D, Eckert J, et al. Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of a biomedical Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy. Scr Mater. 2011;65(1):21–24. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.03.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze C, Weinmann M, Schweigel C, et al. Mechanical properties of a newly additive manufactured implant material based on Ti-42Nb. Materials (Basel). 2018;11(1):124. doi: 10.3390/ma11010124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing SL, Yeong WY, Wiria FE. Selective laser melting of titanium alloy with 50 wt% tantalum: microstructure and mechanical properties. J Alloys Compd. 2016;660:461–470. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.11.141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan L, Yuan Y, Ouyang L, et al. Improved mechanical properties of the new Ti-15Ta-xZr alloys fabricated by selective laser melting for biomedical application. J Alloys Compd. 2016;688:156–162. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreitcberg A, Brailovski V, Prokoshkin S. New biocompatible near-beta Ti-Zr-Nb alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion: process optimization. J Mater Process Technol. 2018;252:821–829. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Chen C, Zi X, et al. Controlling the microstructure and mechanical properties of a metastable β titanium alloy by selective laser melting. Mater Sci Eng A. 2018;726:240–250. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer M, Laheurte P, Acquier P, et al. Synthesis and characterization of Ti-27.5Nb alloy made by CLAD® additive manufacturing process for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2017;75:341–348. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Li S, Hou W, et al. Electron beam melted beta-type Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn porous structures with high strength-to-modulus ratio. J Mater Sci Technol. 2016;32(6):505–508. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2016.03.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab H, Prashanth KG, Löber L, et al. Selective laser melting of Ti-45Nb alloy. Metals (Basel). 2015;5(2):686–694. doi: 10.3390/met5020686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez J, Li S, Martinez E, et al. Microstructures and hardness properties for β-phase Ti–24Nb–4Zr–7.9Sn alloy Fabricated by electron beam melting. J Mater Sci Technol. 2013;29(11):1011–1017. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2013.08.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Han C, Choma T, et al. Effect of Nb content on microstructure, property and in vitro apatite-forming capability of Ti-Nb alloys fabricated via selective laser melting. Mater Des. 2017;126:268–277. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer M, Joguet D, Robin G, et al. In situ elaboration of a binary Ti–26Nb alloy by selective laser melting of elemental titanium and niobium mixed powders. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;62:852–859. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.02.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewandowski JJ, Seifi M. Metal additive manufacturing: a review of mechanical properties. Annu Rev Mater Res. 2016;46:151–186. doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-032024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sames WJ, List F, Pannala S, et al. The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing. Int Mater Rev. 2016;61(5):315–360. doi: 10.1080/09506608.2015.1116649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohler OE. Unalloyed titanium for implants in bone surgery. Injury. 2000;31:D7–D13. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(00)80016-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinomi M. Mechanical biocompatibilities of titanium alloys for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2008;1(1):30–42. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2007.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rack H, Qazi J. Titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2006;26(8):1269–1277. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.08.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Improved fatigue properties with maintaining low Young’s modulus achieved in biomedical beta-type titanium alloy by oxygen addition. Mater Sci Eng A. 2017;704:10–17. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.07.078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song X, Wang L, Niinomi M, et al. Fatigue characteristics of a biomedical β-type titanium alloy with titanium boride. Mater Sci Eng A. 2015;640:154–164. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.05.078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Niinomi M, Nakai M. Effects of micro- and nano-scale wave-like structures on fatigue strength of a beta-type titanium alloy developed as a biomaterial. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2014;29:393–402. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinomi M, Akahori T, Katsura S, et al. Mechanical characteristics and microstructure of drawn wire of Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2007;27(1):154–161. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akahori T, Niinomi M, Fukui H, et al. Improvement in fatigue characteristics of newly developed beta type titanium alloy for biomedical applications by thermo-mechanical treatments. Mater Sci Eng C. 2005;25(3):248–254. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2004.12.007
   Google Scholar
• Niinomi M. Fatigue performance and cyto-toxicity of low rigidity titanium alloy, Ti–29Nb–13Ta–4.6Zr. Biomaterials. 2003;24(16):2673–2683. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00069-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Hao Y, Li S, et al. Fatigue behavior of ultrafine-grained Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn multifunctional biomedical titanium alloy. Mater Sci Eng A. 2013;577:225–233. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.04.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo TF, de Andrade CEC, dos Santos SV, et al. Fatigue and corrosion-fatigue strength of hot rolled Ti35Nb2.5Sn alloy. Mater Des. 2015;85:607–612. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremasco A, Lopes E, Cardoso F, et al. Effects of the microstructural characteristics of a metastable β Ti alloy on its corrosion fatigue properties. Int J Fatigue. 2013;54:32–37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Abnormal deformation behavior of oxygen-modified β-type Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr alloys for biomedical applications. Metall Mater Trans A. 2017;48(1):139–149. doi: 10.1007/s11661-016-3836-5
   Google Scholar
• Akita M, Nakajima M, Uematsu Y, et al. High-cycle fatigue properties of beta Ti alloy 55Ti-30Nb-10Ta-5Zr, gum metal. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct. 2014;37(11):1223–1231. doi: 10.1111/ffe.12201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL, Urban RM. Corrosion of metal orthopaedic implants. J Bone Jt Surg. 1998;80(2):268–282. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199802000-00015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martins Junior J, Matos A, Oliveira R, et al. Preparation and characterization of alloys of the Ti-15Mo-Nb system for biomedical applications. J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2018;106(2):639–648. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai Y, Deng Y, Zheng Y, et al. Characterization, corrosion behavior, cellular response and in vivo bone tissue compatibility of titanium–niobium alloy with low Young’s modulus. Mater Sci Eng C. 2016;59(, ):565–576. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesiekierski A, Lin J, Li Y, et al. Investigations into Ti–(Nb,Ta)–Fe alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2016;32:336–347. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein AH, Gepreel MA-H, Gouda MK, et al. Biocompatibility of new Ti–Nb–Ta base alloys. Mater Sci Eng. 2016;61(, ):574–578. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.071
   Google Scholar
• Seixas MR, Bortolini Jr C, Pereira Jr A, et al. Development of a new quaternary alloy Ti–25Ta–25Nb–3Sn for biomedical applications. Mater Res Express. 2018;5(2):025402. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aa87c8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos PF, Niinomi M, Liu H, et al. Improvement of microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of biomedical Ti-Mn alloys by Mo addition. Mater Des. 2016;110:414–424. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Chen D, Lu W, et al. Corrosion resistance and in vitro response of a novel Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr alloy with a low Young’s modulus. Biomed Mater. 2013;8(5):055004. doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/5/055004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metikos-Huković M, Kwokal A, Piljac J. The influence of niobium and vanadium on passivity of titanium-based implants in physiological solution. Biomaterials. 2003;24(21):3765–3775. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00252-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atapour M, Pilchak A, Frankel G, et al. Corrosion behavior of β titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31(5):885–891. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y-L, Luo D-M. Corrosion behavior of Ti–Mo alloys cold rolled and heat treated. J Alloys Compd. 2011;509(21):6267–6272. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.03.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmau A, Pina VG, Devesa F, et al. Electrochemical behavior of near-beta titanium biomedical alloys in phosphate buffer saline solution. Mater Sci Eng C. 2015;48:55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahl S, Meka SRK, Suwas S, et al. Surface severe plastic deformation of an orthopedic Ti–Nb–Sn alloy induces unusual precipitate remodeling and Supports stem cell osteogenesis through Akt signaling. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018;4(9):3132–3142. doi: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madl AK, Liong M, Kovochich M, et al. Toxicology of wear particles of cobalt-chromium alloy metal-on-metal hip implants part I: physicochemical properties in patient and simulator studies. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2015;11(5):1201–1215. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grammatopoulos G, Pandit H, Kamali A, et al. The correlation of wear with histological features after failed hip resurfacing arthroplasty. J Bone Jt Surg. 2013;95(12):e81. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00775
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang X, Hutchinson CR. Corrosion-wear of β-Ti alloy TMZF (Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe) in simulated body fluid. Acta Biomater. 2016;42:429–439. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapala P, Acharyya SG, Shariff S, et al. Studying the effect of composition on the in vitro wear behavior and elastic modulus of titanium-niobium-based alloys for biomedical implants. Biomed Phys Eng Express. 2018;4(2):027003. doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa9f78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa D, Kuroda P, Grandini C, et al. Tribocorrosion behavior of β-type Ti-15Zr-based alloys. Mater Lett. 2016;179:118–121. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo S, Zheng Q, Hou X-L, et al. Wear response of metastable β-type Ti–25Nb–2Mo–4Sn alloy for biomedical applications. Rare Met. 2015;34(8):564–568. doi: 10.1007/s12598-015-0493-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu W-T, Sun X-G, Yuan B-F, et al. Tribological behaviour of biomedical Ti–Zr-based shape memory alloys. Rare Met. 2017;36(6):478–484. doi: 10.1007/s12598-017-0882-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya S, Bahl S, Dabas SS, et al. Role of aging induced α precipitation on the mechanical and tribocorrosive performance of a β Ti-Nb-Ta-O orthopedic alloy. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;103:109755. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya S, Gupta P, Chatterjee K, et al. Microstructure, texture and mechanical properties after cold working and annealing in a biomedical Ti-Nb-Ta alloy. Mater Sci Forum. 2018;941:2465–2470. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2465
   Google Scholar
• Lee Y-S, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Differences in wear Behaviors at sliding contacts for β-type and (α; + β)-type titanium alloys in Ringer’s solution and air. Mater Trans. 2015;56(3):317–326. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2014365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pina VG, Dalmau A, Devesa F, et al. Tribocorrosion behavior of beta titanium biomedical alloys in phosphate buffer saline solution. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2015;46:59–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diomidis N, Mischler S, More N, et al. Fretting-corrosion behavior of β titanium alloys in simulated synovial fluid. Wear. 2011;271(7-8):1093–1102. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2011.05.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diomidis N, Mischler S, More N, et al. Tribo-electrochemical characterization of metallic biomaterials for total joint replacement. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(2):852–859. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.09.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• More N, Diomidis N, Paul S, et al. Tribocorrosion behavior of β titanium alloys in physiological solutions containing synovial components. Mater Sci Eng C. 2011;31(2):400–408. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.10.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacisalihoglu I, Samancioglu A, Yildiz F, et al. Tribocorrosion properties of different type titanium alloys in simulated body fluid. Wear. 2015;332-333:679–686. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2014.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinomi M, Kuroda D, Fukunaga K-I, et al. Corrosion wear fracture of new β type biomedical titanium alloys. Mater Sci Eng A. 1999;263(2):193–199. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)01167-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya S, Panicker AG, Laxmi DV, et al. Study of the influence of Zr on the mechanical properties and functional response of Ti-Nb-Ta-Zr-O alloy for orthopedic applications. Mater Design. 2019;164:107555. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Lu X, Wang L, et al. Mechanical properties, in vitro corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of metal injection molded Ti-12Mo alloy for dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;88:534–547. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.08.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Song Y, Zuo J, et al. Biocompatibility evaluation of novel β-type titanium alloy (Ti–35Nb–7Zr–5Ta)98Si2 in vitro. RSC Adv. 2015;5(123):101794–101801. doi: 10.1039/C5RA19767H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neacsu P, Gordin D-M, Mitran V, et al. In vitro performance assessment of new beta Ti–Mo–Nb alloy compositions. Mater Sci Eng C. 2015;47(, ):105–113. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ion R, Gordin D-M, Mitran V, et al. In vitro bio-functional performances of the novel superelastic beta-type Ti–23Nb–0.7Ta–2Zr–0.5N alloy. Mater Sci Eng C. 2014;35(, ):411–419. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilz S, Gebert A, Voss A, et al. Metal release and cell biological compatibility of beta-type Ti-40Nb containing indium. J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2018;106(5):1686–1697. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie KY, Wang Y, Zhao Y, et al. Nanocrystalline β-Ti alloy with high hardness, low Young’s modulus and excellent in vitro biocompatibility for biomedical applications. Mater Sci Eng C. 2013;33(6):3530–3536. doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.04.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin D-J, Chuang C-C, Lin J-HC, et al. Bone formation at the surface of low modulus Ti–7.5Mo implants in rabbit femur. Biomaterials. 2007;28(16):2582–2589. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Lin DJ, Ju CP, et al. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of a new Ti-15Mo-1Bi alloy. J Biomed Mater Res Part B. 2009;91B(2):643–650. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura K, Yamada N, Hanada S, et al. The bone tissue compatibility of a new Ti–Nb–Sn alloy with a low Young’s modulus. Acta Biomater. 2011;7(5):2320–2326. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Chen D, Cheng M, et al. The bone tissue compatibility of a new Ti35Nb2Ta3Zr alloy with a low Young’s modulus. Int J Mol Med. 2013;31(3):689–697. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• do Prado RF, Esteves GC, Santos ELDS, et al. In vitro and in vivo biological performance of porous Ti alloys prepared by powder metallurgy. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196169. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach I. Phase-field models in materials science. Modell Simul Mater Sci Eng. 2009;17(7):073001. doi: 10.1088/0965-0393/17/7/073001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moelans N, Blanpain B, Wollants P. An introduction to phase-field modeling of microstructure evolution. Calphad. 2008;32(2):268–294. doi: 10.1016/j.calphad.2007.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar