285
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Russia and Northeast Asia: aspirations and reality

Pages 399-420 | Published online: 26 Nov 2010

References

  • Andrei Kozyrev, who was foreign minister from 1991 until January 1996, claimed that the West was the ‘natural ally’ of Russia which would assist Russia's integration into the international economy. Andrei Kozyrev, ‘Preobrazhennaya Rossiya v novom mire’, Izvestiya, 2 January 1992. The idea of the West as the ‘natural ally’ of Russia was subsequently dropped after Kozyrev's resignation in January 1996. Yeltsin in May 1998 outlined the priorities in Russian foreign policy as (1) the CIS; (2) support for the UN and strengthened relations with European partners such as France, Germany, Italy, Finland and NATO; (3) arms control and reductions and support for the START process on a more equal level with the US; (4) acceptance of Russia in the international economic system, removal of discrimination against her in international economic organizations etc. See Natal‘ya Konstantinova, 'Prezident predstavil programmu deyat‘nosti MIDa’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 13 May 1998.
  • The presidential administration supports the president through policy coordination, document preparation and direct monitoring of implementation of decrees. In February 1998 it had a staff of 1,945 and its powers are defined by decree, which Yeltsin modified when Duma deputies appealed to the constitutional court. The head of the presidential administration was Privatization Minister Anatolii Chubais who in March 1997 was replaced by the journalist Valentin Yumashev who has little administrative experience. Yeltsin relies upon foreign policy advisers within this body including Sergei Pridhodko, and presidential spokesman Sergei Yastrzhembskii who coordinated foreign policy for the administration. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty [henceforth RFE/RL] Newsline, Part 1, 13 February 1998.
  • 5 February 1997 . “ Omri Daily Digest ” . 5 February ,
  • Ivanov , Igor . 23 February 1999 . “ Rossiya dolzhna byt’ aktivna v ATR ” . In Nezavisimaya Gazeta 23 February ,
  • Voskresenskii , Alexei . 16 September 1994 . “ Vyzov KNR i Rossiiskie interesy ” . In Nezavisimaya Gazeta 16 September ,
  • For Russian views of China see Alexander Lukin, ‘Russia's image of China and Russian-Chinese relations’, East Asia: An International Quarterly, Spring 1999
  • In 1992 the then Deputy Foreign Minister Georgi Kunadze explained that third countries should be prevented from using China against Russia, and China should not be able to use the ‘Russian card’ in its relations with other countries. Mikhail Karpov, ‘Interesam Rossii otvegaet stabil'nyi i protsvetayushchei Kitai’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 December 1992.
  • Vladimir Lukin, ‘Rossiya i yeyo interesy’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 20 October 1992.
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 December 1992.
  • Igor Ivanov, ‘Rossiya dolzhna byt’ aktivna v ATR', Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 23 February 1999.
  • Bruce Russett and Allan C. Stam, ‘Courting disaster: an expanded NATO vs. Russia and China’, Political Science Quarterly, Fall 1998.
  • This was noted during Yeltsin's visit to Beijing in April 1996; see Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 26 April 1996.
  • Omri Daily Digest, 26 April 1996.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1,23 April 1997; International Herald Tribune, 23 April 1997; Far Eastern Economic Review, 8 May 1997.
  • Spirin , Pavel . 23 December 1998 . “ Kitai izvlek uroki iz irakskovo krizisa ” . In Nezavisimaya Gazeta 23 December ,
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 26 February 1999.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 24 April 1997.
  • Straits Times, 29 April 1999.
  • Izvestiya, 3 March 1995.
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 8 August 1997; RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1,8 August 1997
  • Border trade dropped by a reported 82 per cent in 1994. Russia eased entry requirements for the Chinese to promote trade and a new checkpoint opened at Zabaikalsk on 1 March 1998 with fourteen lanes which would allow for much increased traffic: 60 per cent of bilateral trade passes through this checkpoint. RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 2 March 1998. Related issues that concern the Russians include Chinese migration into Russia and what has been called ‘secret colonization’ of the Far East. Izvestiya, 16 March 1995. Amongst the Russians there is the suspicion that this ‘colonization’ has been fostered and encouraged by government as a means of finding lebensraum for China's population. When Li Peng visited Moscow in February 1998 he was asked directly whether the Chinese government had a hand in this process, which he naturally denied. Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 February 1998.
  • Vladivostok News, 26 June 1998 [newsl.html, accessed 5 June 1999] http://vn.vladnews.ru/1998/issl70/text/ (http://vn.vladnews.ru/1998/issl70/text/)
  • Nadezhda Mikheeva, Foreign Trade of the Russian Far East with the People's Republic of China; Developments and Problems, Institute of Economic Research, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1997 [ accessed 5 June 1999 ] http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/MIKHEEVA.html (http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/MIKHEEVA.html)
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 17 February 1998.
  • Xinhua report quoted in Reuters, 22 February 1999 accessed 29 May 1999 http://www.uygur.com/enorg/wunn99/990223e.htm (http://www.uygur.com/enorg/wunn99/990223e.htm)
  • Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 March 1997.
  • See SIPRI Yearbook 1998, Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 329. Also Stephan J. Blank, The Dynamics of Russian Weapon Sales to China, 4 March 1997 [accessed 31 May 1999] http://www.milnet.com/mihiet/rusmil97/ rusweptc.htm (http://www.milnet.com/mihiet/rusmil97/ rusweptc.htm)
  • Straits Times, 22 June 1999.
  • Mikhail Karpov, ‘Interesam Rossii otvegaet stabil'nyi i protsvetayushchei Kitai’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 December 1992.
  • US congressional concern over Russian arms sales to China was seen in the Rohrabacher amendment of 12 June 1997, which was passed by the House of Representatives. It was intended to terminate foreign aid to Russia if the sale of the SS-N-22 missile went ahead to China. This is Russia's version of the Exocet sea-skimming missile which could threaten US naval deployments in the Taiwan Straits. For a conservative US view see Richard D. Fisher, Dangerous Moves: Russia's Sale of Missile Destroyers to China, The Heritage Foundation, ASC Backgrounder No. 146, 20 February 1997 [ accessed 29 May 1999] http://www.heritage.org/library/categories/forpol/ascl46.html (http://www.heritage.org/library/categories/forpol/ascl46.html)
  • Vladimir Lukin, ‘Rossiya i yeyo interesy’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 20 October 1992.
  • On the territorial dispute see Davis Rees, The Soviet Seizure of the Kuriles, Praeger, New York, 1985; for the post-Soviet situation see William F. Nimmo, Japan and Russia: A Reevaluation in the Post-Soviet Era, Greenwood, Westport, Connecticut, 1994; Raj an Menon, ‘Japan-Russia relations and North-east Asian security’, Survival, Summer 1996; also Leszek Buszynski, Russian Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1996.
  • Dmitri Gornostaev, ‘Tokio privetstvuet vkhozhdenie Moskvy v “semerku” ', Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 24 May 1997.
  • Address by Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto to the Japan Association of Corporate Executives, 24 July 1997 [accessed 16 June 1999] http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/0731douyukai.html (http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/0731douyukai.html)
  • ‘Yeltsin I Khasimoto stanut druz'yami’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1 November 1997.
  • Yekaterina Grigor‘eva, 'Moskva i Tokyo postarayutsya zaklyuchit' mirnyi dogovor k 2000 godu’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 4 November 1997.
  • Japan Times, 16 April 1998.
  • See Konstantion Sarkisov, ‘Progress in Japan-Russia relations’, Japan Quarterly, April-June 1998.
  • Japan Times, 25 February, 19 December 1998.
  • Izvestiya, 14 March 1995.
  • Dmitrii Gornostaev, ‘Yeltsin i Khasimoto vstretyatsya na kurorte’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 24 February 1998.
  • Ibid.;
  • Japan Times, 23 February 1998.
  • Japan Tunes, 8 August 1998.
  • On Obuchi's visit to Moscow see Japan Tunes, 14 November 1998; Dmitrii Gornostaev, ‘Vmesto Yeltsina rossiiisko-yaponskuyu vstrechu v verkhakh zavershil primakov’, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1998.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 19 May 1997.
  • Izvestiya, 26 March 1994.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 31 July 1998.
  • Straits Tones, 30 March 1999.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 20 April 1998.
  • Japan Times, 21 April 1998.
  • Japan Times, 14 November 1998.
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1998.
  • Igor Ivanov, ‘Rossiya dolzhna byt’ aktivna v ATP', Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 23 February 1999.
  • Japan Times, 23 February 1999.
  • Japan Times, 4 December 1998.
  • On Russian policy towards the Korean Peninsula see Stephan Blank, ‘Russian policy and the changing Korean question’, Asian Survey, August 1995; SeungHo Joo, ‘Russian policy on Korean unification in the post-Cold War era’, Pacific Affairs, Spring 1996; Leszek Buszynski, Russian Foreign Policy in the PostCold War Era, pp. 201-12.
  • South Korea's trade with China has outweighed trade with Russia by a factor of at least seven. IMF statistics are as follows: trade with China in 1992 was $6.4 billion, in 1997 $23.6 billion; trade with Russia was $193 million and $3.3 billion for the same years. See IMF Direction of Trade Statistics.
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 3 June 1994; Trud, 1 June 1994.
  • Izvestiya, 29 October 1994.
  • On Russian-North Korean relations see Alexander Zhebin, ‘Russia and North Korea: an emerging uneasy partnership’, Asian Survey, August 1995.
  • Georgi , D. and Boulychev . 1994 . “ Moscow and North Korea: the 1961 treaty and after ” . In in Il Yung Chung and Eunsook Chung Russia in the Far East and Pacific Region , 85 Seoul : The Sejong Institute .
  • The then Deputy Foreign Minister Alexander Panov in March 1994 stated that Moscow would decide whether to renew the treaty after it expires in 1996. Izvestiya, 31 March 1994.
  • Korea Herald, 18 March 1999; Japan Tunes, 19 March 1999.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 25 June 1997.
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 25 April 1996.
  • RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 8 July 1997.
  • Dmitrii Kosyrev and Stanislav Petrov . 12 November 1997 . “ Boris Yeltsin i Tsan Tsemin sdelali chto cmogli ” . In Nezavisimaya Gazeta 12 November ,
  • Japan Times, 27 February 1999. On the issues of Russian-Chinese trade and the questionable reliability of Russian statistics see David Kerr, ‘Problems in Sino-Russian economic relations’, Europe-Asia Studies, November 1998.
  • Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10 February 1998.
  • Russian Energy Minister Viktor Mikhailov called the nuclear deal the ‘contract of the century’. RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 30 December 1997.
  • Petrov , Stanislav . 20 August 1997 . “ Pekin fakticheski otluchil Moskvu ot uchastiya v proekte “tri ushchel'ya” . In Nezavisimaya Gazeta 20 August ,
  • Hakjoon , Kim . July 1997 . “ The process leading to the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and the Soviet Union ” . In Asian Survey July ,
  • See Deputy Director of the Far Eastern Institute Vladimir Myasnikov's comment, ‘Vosprinimat’ Patnera takim, kakov on est, Sevodnya, 3 June 1994.
  • The Russians expelled Cho Sung Woo who was a counsellor at the South Korean Embassy in Moscow and accused him of purchasing state secrets from Valentin Moiseev of MID. In retaliation Seoul expelled Oleg Abramkin of the Russian Embassy in an incident that came close to a break in diplomatic relations as Seoul withdrew five diplomats from Moscow and Vladivostok. RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 29 July 1998.
  • Korea Herald, 4 January 1999.
  • Vladivostok News, 8 July 1997 [accessed 29 June 1999] http://vlad.tribnet.com/1997iss147/FOCUS.HTM (http://vlad.tribnet.com/1997iss147/FOCUS.HTM)
  • Japan Tunes, 1 December 1998.
  • Korea Herald, 7 May 1999.
  • See Korea Herald, 27 April 1999. The US, however, was opposed to any expansion of the four-party talks to include Russia.
  • Japan Times, 27 April 1999.
  • Vyacheslav Tominlin, ‘Russkaya “Nakhodka” dlya Koreiskikh investorov’, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 28 May 1999.
  • International Herald Tribune, 24 May 1999.
  • Yekatarina Titova, ‘Ko vzaimoi vygode’, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 29 May 1999.
  • Ibid.;
  • see also RFE/RL Newsline, Part 1, 9 July 1997; Japan Tunes, 27 April 1999.
  • Japan Times, 15 October 1998 [IGCG website accessed 9 June 1999] http://www.gcc.ucsd.edu/igcc2/ neacd/aboutneacd.html (http://www.gcc.ucsd.edu/igcc2/ neacd/aboutneacd.html)
  • Japan Tunes, 3 May 1998.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.