Electoral authoritarianism in Malaysia: trajectory shift

References

• Allen , J. de V. 1967 . The Malayan Union , New Haven : Yale Southeast Asian Monograph Series .
   Google Scholar
• Baradan , K. 2008 . ‘Two-party system takes shape in Malaysia’ accessed at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/JD10Ae01.html Asia Times Online, 10 April, 12 April 2008
   Google Scholar
• Beeson , M. 2008 . ‘Civil–military relations in Indonesia and the Philippines’ . Armed Forces and Society , 34 ( 3 ) : 474 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee , J. 2007 . Authoritarianism in an Age of Democracy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , M. , Gunther , R. and Higley , J. 1992 . “ ‘Introduction: elite transformations and democratic regimes’ ” . In Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe , Edited by: Higley , J. and Gunther , R. 1 – 37 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Capie , D. and Acharya , A. 2002 . A Fine Balance: US Relations with Southeast Asia Since 9/11 , Paris : Center d'études et de recherché internationales . accessed at http://www.ceri-sciences-po.org/archive/jan03/artca.pdf 20 March 2008
   Google Scholar
• Case , W. 1995 . “ ‘Malaysia: aspects and audiences of legitimacy’ ” . In Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia , Edited by: Alagappa , M. 69 – 107 . Palo Alto : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Case , W. 1996 . Elites and Regimes in Malaysia: Revisiting a Consociational Democracy , Clayton VIC : Monash Asia Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Case , W. 2004 . ‘New uncertainties for an old pseudo-democracy: the case of Malaysia’ . Comparative Politics , 37 ( 1 ) : 83 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , L. 1989 . “ ‘Introduction: persistence, erosion, breakdown, and renewal’ ” . In Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia , Edited by: Diamond , L. , Linz , J. J. and Lipset , S. M. 1 – 52 . Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Dogan , M. and Higley , J. 1998 . Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes , Oxford : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Emerson , D. K. 1995 . ‘Region and recalcitrance: rethinking democracy through Southeast Asia’ . The Pacific Review , 8 ( 2 ) : 223 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Gomez , E. T. 1998 . “ ‘Malaysia’ ” . In Political Party Systems and Democratic Development in East and Southeast Asia, Vol. I, Southeast Asia , Edited by: Sachsenroder , W. and Frings , U. 226 – 88 . Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Gomez , E. T. and Jomo , K. S. 1997 . Malaysia's Political Economy: Politics, Patronage and Profits , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Haggard , S. 2000 . The Political Economy the Asian Financial Crisis , Washington, DC : Institute for International Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Higley , J. and Burton , M. 2006 . Elite Foundations of Liberal Democracy , Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz , D. L. 2000 . Ethnic Groups in Conflict , Berkeley, CA : University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , S. P. 1984 . ‘Will more countries become democratic?’ . Political Science Quarterly , 99 ( 2 ) : 193 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington , S. P. 1991 . The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century , Norman, OK : University of Oklahoma Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchcroft , P. D. 2008 . ‘The Arroyo imbroglio in the Philippines’ . Journal of Democracy , 19 ( 1 ) : 141 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesudason , J. V. 1996 . “ ‘The syncretic state and the structuring of oppositional politics in Malaysia’ ” . In Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia , Edited by: Rodan , G. 104 – 29 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Karl , T. L. 1987 . ‘Petroleum and political pacts: the transition to democracy in Venezuela’ . Latin American Research Review , 22 ( 1 ) : 63 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky , S. and Way , L. A. 2002 . ‘The rise of competitive authoritarianism’ . Journal of Democracy , 13 ( 2 ) : 51 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart , A. 1969 . ‘Consociational democracy’ . World Politics , 21 ( 2 ) : 207 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim , Kit Siang . 2008 . ‘Lim Kit Siang for Malaysia’ accessed at http://blog.limkitsiang.com/2008/03/08/political-tsunami-in-general-election/ weblog, 8 March, 10 March 2008
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre , A. 2001 . ‘Institutions and investors: the politics of the Asian financial crisis’ . International Organization , 55 ( 1 ) : 81 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahoney , J. 2000 . ‘Path dependence in historical sociology’ . Theory and Society , 29 ( 4 ) : 507 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne , R. S. 1986 . ‘Malaysia: beyond the new economic policy’ . Asian Survey , 26 ( 12 ) : 1364 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Munro-Kua , A. 1996 . Authoritarian Populism in Malaysia , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muzaffar , C. 1979 . Protector? , Penang : Aliran .
   Google Scholar
• North , D. C. 1990 . Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , G. and Schmitter , P. C. 1986 . “ ‘Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies’ ” . In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, Vol. 4 , Edited by: O'Donnell , G. , Schmitter , P. C. and Whitehead , L. Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ockey , J. 2008 . ‘Thailand in 2007: the struggle to control democracy’ . Asian Survey , 48 ( 1 ) : 20 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Ong , K. M. 2008 . ‘Making sense of the political tsunami’ . Malaysiakini , accessed at http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/79677 11 March, 11 March 2008
   Google Scholar
• Ottaway , M. 2003 . Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism , Washington, DC : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Pierson , P. 2000 . ‘Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics’ . American Political Science Review , 92 ( 2 ) : 251 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski , A. 1986 . “ ‘Some problems in the study of the transition to democracy’ ” . In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, Vol. 4 , Edited by: O'Donnell , G. , Schmitter , P. and Whitehead , L. 47 – 63 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Putucheary , M. 2005 . “ ‘Introduction: contextualising Malaysian elections’ ” . In Elections and Democracy in Malaysia , Edited by: Putucheary , M. and Othman , N. 1 – 16 . Bangi : National University of Malaysia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schedler , A. 2002a . ‘The menu of manipulation’ . Journal of Democracy , 13 ( 2 ) : 36 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedler , A. 2002b . ‘The nested game of democratization by elections’ . International Political Science Review , 23 ( 1 ) : 103 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedler , A. 2006 . Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition , Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell , A. J. 1979 . British Policy and Malay Politics during the Malayan Union Experiment: 1942–48 , Kuala Lumpur : Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Monograph No. 8
   Google Scholar
• Stubbs , R. 1989 . Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948–60 , Singapore : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , M. R. and Kuntz , P. 2006 . “ ‘After defeat: when do rulers steal elections?’ ” . In Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition , Edited by: Schedler , A. 113 – 28 . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Vasudevan , V. , Abas , A. and Abdullah , R. 2008 . ‘Abdullah: I will not leave party in disarray’ accessed at http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Malaysia/Story/AlStory20080415-59984.html New Straits Times, 15 April, 3 June 2009
   Google Scholar
• Von Vorys , K. 1975 . Democracy without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , M. 1987 . “ ‘Empirical democratic theory’ ” . In Competitive Elections in Developing Countries , Edited by: Weiner , M. and Ozbudun , E. 3 – 34 . Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. 2005 . Protest and Possibilities: Civil Society and Coalitions for Political Change , Palo Alto : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. ‘Civil society at the gate: edging toward a new politics in Malaysia’ . Asian Survey , (forthcoming)
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , B. 2008 . ‘Election post-mortem: top 10 factors’ . Malaysiakini , accessed at http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/79677 12 March, 13 March 2008
   Google Scholar
• Zakaria , H. A. 1989 . “ ‘Malaysia: quasi democracy in a divided society’ ” . In Democracy in Developing Countries: Asia , Edited by: Diamond , L. , Linz , J. J. and Lipset , S. M. 347 – 81 . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar