Induction of apoptosis by metformin and progesterone in estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia in rats: involvement of the bcl-2 family proteins

References

• American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2015. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Daud S, Jalil SS, Griffin M, Ewies AA. Endometrial hyperplasia - the dilemma of management remains: a retrospective observational study of 280 women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;159:172–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed SD, Voigt LF, Newton KM, et al. Progestin therapy of complex endometrial hyperplasia with and without atypia. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel AR, Knutson TP, Lange CA. Signaling inputs to progesterone receptor gene regulation and promoter selectivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009;308:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viollet B, Guigas B, Sanz Garcia N, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of metformin: an overview. Clin Sci 2012;122:253–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna RK, Zhou C, Malloy KM, et al. Metformin potentiates the effects of paclitaxel in endometrial cancer cells through inhibition of cell proliferation and modulation of the mTOR pathway. Gynecol Oncol 2012;125:458–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantrell LA, Zhou C, Mendivil A, et al. Metformin is a potent inhibitor of endometrial cancer cell proliferation-implications for a novel treatment strategy. Gynecol Oncol 2010;116:92–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfstein R, Friedman Y, Attias-Geva Z, et al. Metformin downregulates the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway and inhibits different uterine serous carcinoma (USC) cells proliferation and migration in p53-dependent or -independent manners. PLoS One 2013;8:e61537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadad SM, Fleming S, Thompson AM. Targeting AMPK: a new therapeutic opportunity in breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008;67:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun H, Park S, Kim MJ, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates the antioxidant effects of resveratrol through regulation of the transcription factor FoxO1. FEBS J 2014;281:4421–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdemoglu E, Güney M, Giray SG, et al. C target of rapamycin in a mouse model of endometrial hyperplasia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;145:195–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oner G, Ozcelik B, Ozgun MT, Ozturk F. The effects of metformin and letrozole on endometrium and ovary in a rat model. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011;27:1084–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas M, Kutuk MS, Serin IS, et al. Comparison of antiproliferative effects of metformi and progesterone on estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia in rats. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013;29:311–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabrizi AD, Melli MS, Foroughi M, et al. Antiproliferative effect of metformin on the endometrium: a clinical trial. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15:10067–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharifzadeh F, Aminimoghaddam S, Kashanian M, et al. A comparison between the effects of metformin and megestrol on simple endometrial hyperplasia. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017;33:152–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banno K, Iida M, Yanokura M, et al. Drug repositioning for gynecologic tumors: a new therapeutic strategy for cancer. ScientificWorld J 2015;2015:341–62.
   Google Scholar
• Brown KA, Samarajeewa NU, Simpson ER. Endocrine-related cancers and the role of AMPK. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013;366:170–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Barco S, Vazquez-Martin A, Cufí S, et al. Metformin: multi-faceted protection against cancer. Oncotarget 2011;2:896–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Sahra I, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF, Bost F. Metformin in cancer therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiabetic drug? Mol Cancer Ther 2010;9:1092–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Wang JL, Ji M, et al. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor signaling by metformin in endometrial cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014;8:1993–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Li MX, Wang H, et al. Metformin down-regulates endometrial carcinoma cell secretion of IGF-1 and expression of IGF-1R. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:221–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leber B, Lin J, Andrews DW. Embedded together: the life and death consequences of interaction of the Bcl-2 family with membranes. Apoptosis 2007;12:897–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vereide AB, Kaino T, Sager G, Ørbo A. Scottish Gynaecological Clinical Trials Group. Bcl-2, BAX, and apoptosis in endometrial hyperplasia after high dose gestagen therapy: a comparison of responses in patients treated with intrauterine levonorgestrel and systemic medroxyprogesterone. Gynecol Oncol 2005;97:740–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choksuchat C, Zhao S, Deutch TD, et al. Effects of progesterone, levonorgestrel and medroxyprogesterone acetate on apoptosis in human endometrial endothelial cells. Contraception 2009;79:139–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Sahra I, Laurent K, Loubat A, et al. The antidiabetic drug metformin exerts an antitumoral effect in vitro and in vivo through a decrease of cyclin D1 level. Oncogene 2008;27:3576–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alimova IN, Liu B, Fan Z, et al. Metformin inhibits breast cancer cell growth, colony formation and induces cell cycle arrest in vitro. Cell Cycle 2009;8:909–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi A, Kimura F, Yamanaka A, et al. Metformin impairs growth of endometrial cancer cells via cell cycle arrest and concomitant autophagy and apoptosis. Cancer Cell Int 2014;14:53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahra IB, Laurent K, Giuliano S, et al. Targeting cancer cell metabolism: the combination of metformin and 2-deoxyglucose induces p53-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2010;70:2465–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakovic A, Harhaji L, Stevanovic D, et al. Dual antiglioma action of metformin: cell cycle arrest and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2007;64:1290–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karp G. 2008. 5th edition. Cell and molecular biology: Concepts and experiments. John NJ: Wiley and Sons, p. 653–657.
   Google Scholar