NOMAC-E2 shows a better contraceptive effectiveness than LNG combined oral contraceptives in women under 25: real-world PRO-E2 study

References

• Festin MPR. Overview of modern contraception. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;66:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regidor P-A, Schindler AE. Antiandrogenic and antimineralocorticoid health benefits of COC containing newer progestogens: dienogest and drospirenone. Oncotarget. 2017;8(47):83334–83342.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trussell J, Portman D. The creeping pearl: why has the rate of contraceptive failure increased in clinical trials of combined hormonal contraceptive pills? Contraception. 2013;88(5):604–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger JC, Cronin M, Möhner S, et al. Oral contraceptive effectiveness according to body mass index, weight, age, and other factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(3):263.e1-9–263.e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger J, Minh TD, Buttmann N, et al. Effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills in a large U.S. cohort comparing progestogen and regimen. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(1):33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuickStats: percentage of women who missed taking oral contraceptive pills * – among women aged 15-44 years who used oral contraceptive pills and had sexual intercourse, overall and by age and number of pills missed - National Survey Of Family Growth, United States, 2013-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lawrie TA, Helmerhorst FM, Maitra NK, et al. Types of progestogens in combined oral contraception: effectiveness and side-effects. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(5):CD004861.
   Google Scholar
• Caetano C, Peers T, Papadopoulos L, et al. Millennials and contraception: why do they forget? An international survey exploring the impact of lifestyles and stress levels on adherence to a daily contraceptive regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2019;24(1):30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper DJ. Attitudes, awareness, compliance and preferences among hormonal contraception users: a global, cross-sectional, self-administered, online survey. Clin Drug Investig. 2010;30(11):749–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Gynecologic Practice and Practice Committee. Female age-related fertility decline Committee opinion no. 589. Fertility and Sterility. 2014;101:633–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merki-Feld GS, Caetano C, Porz TC, et al. Are there unmet needs in contraceptive counselling and choice? Findings of the european TANCO study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2018;23(3):183–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza D, Harrison C, Taft A, et al. Current contraceptive management in Australian general practice: an analysis of BEACH data. Med J Aust. 2012;197(2):110–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS, Meehan TE. Use and misuse of oral contraceptives: risk indicators for poor pill taking and discontinuation. Contraception. 1995;51(5):283–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumero A, Marrero RJ, Peñate W, et al. Adherence to oral contraception in young women: beliefs, locus of control, and psychological reactance. IJERPH. 2021;18(21):11308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poromaa IS, Segebladh B. Adverse mood symptoms with oral contraceptives. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(4):420–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zethraeus N, Dreber A, Ranehill E, et al. A first-choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril. 2017;107(5):1238–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovlund CW, Mørch LS, Kessing LV, et al. Association of hormonal contraception With depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(11):1154–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin C, Danielsson KG, Bixo M, et al. Combined oral contraceptive use is associated with both improvement and worsening of mood in the different phases of the treatment cycle-A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;76:135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffir J, Worly BL, Gur TL. Combined hormonal contraception and its effects on mood: a critical review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2016;21(5):347–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contraception: do hormonal contraceptives cause weight gain? In: informedHealth.org [internet] : Institute for quality and efficiency in health care (IQWiG); 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, et al. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD003987.
   Google Scholar
• MacGregor EA, Guillebaud J. The 7-day contraceptive hormone-free interval should be consigned to history. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2018;44(3):214–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klipping C, Duijkers I, Trummer D, et al. Suppression of ovarian activity with a drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive in a 24/4 regimen. Contraception. 2008;78(1):16–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan X, Seeger H, Mueck AO. The pharmacology of nomegestrol acetate. Maturitas. 2012;71(4):345–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed S, Koro C, DiBello J, et al. Prospective controlled cohort study on the safety of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate (2.5mg) and 17β-oestradiol (1.5mg) (PRO-E2 study): risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(6):439–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed S, Koro C, DiBello J, et al. Unintended pregnancy in users of nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol (NOMAC-E2) compared with levonorgestrel-containing combined oral contraceptives: final results from the PRO-E2 study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(6):447–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc., The SAS system for Windows. Cary, NC: SAS; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Kantorová V. Unintended pregnancy and abortion: what does it tell us about reproductive health and autonomy? Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(9):e1106–e1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surkan PJ, Strobino DM, Mehra S, et al. Unintended pregnancy is a risk factor for depressive symptoms among socio-economically disadvantaged women in rural Bangladesh. BMC Pregn Childbirth. 2018;18(1):490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, et al. Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(4):e380–e389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susser M. What is a cause and how do we know one? A grammar for pragmatic epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133(7):635–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read CM. New regimens with combined oral contraceptive pills–moving away from traditional 21/7 cycles. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2010;15 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S32–S41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar