References
- Rossouw J E, Anderson G L, Prentice R L, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–333
- Rossouw J E, Prentice R L, Manson J E, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007; 297: 1465–1477
- Andersson K K, Kappas A. Hormones and liver function. Diseases of the liver, L Schiff, E R Schiff. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia 1982; 167–235
- Freyschuss B, Sahlin L, Eriksson H. Regulatory effects of growth hormone, glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone on the estrogen receptor level in the rat liver. Steroids 1991; 56: 367–374
- von Schoultz B, Carlström K. On the regulation of sex-hormone binding globulin. A challenge of an old dogma and outlines of an alternative mechanism. J Steroid Biochem 1989; 32: 327–334
- Leung K C, Johannsson G, Leong G M, et al. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Endocrinol Rev 2004; 25: 693–721
- Meinhardt U J, Ho K K. Modulation of growth hormone action by sex steroids. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65: 413–422
- von Schoultz B, Carlström K, Collste L, et al. Estrogen therapy and liver function. Metabolic effects of oral and parenteral administration. The Prostate 1989; 14: 389–395
- Judd H L. Transdermal estradiol. A potentially improved method of hormone replacement. J Reprod Med 1994; 39: 343–352
- Shoham Z, Kopernik G. Tools for making correct decisions regarding hormone therapy. I. Background and drugs. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1447–1457
- Kopernik G, Shoham Z. Tools for making correct decisions regarding hormone therapy. II. Organ response and clinical applications. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 1458–1477
- Scarabin P Y, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003; 362: 428–432
- Canonico M, Plu-Bureau G, Lowe G D, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women: systemic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2008; 336: 1227–1231
- Oger E, Alhenc-Gelas M, Lacut K, et al. Differential effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on sensitivity to activated protein C among postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 1671–1676
- Post M S, Christella M, Thomassen L G, et al. Effect of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on hemostatic variables associated with venous thrombosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 1116–1121
- Straczek C, Oger E, Yon de Jonage-Canonico M B, et al. Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk (ESTHER) Study Group. Prothrombotic mutations, hormone therapy, and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration. Circulation 2005; 112: 3495–3500
- Arana A, Varas C, Gozáles-Pérez A, et al. Hormone therapy and cerebrovascular events: a population-bases nested case-control study. Menopause 2006; 13: 730–736
- Birge S J. Hormone therapy and stroke. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2008; 51: 581–591
- Lacut K, Oger E, Le Gal G, et al. Differential effects of oral and transdermal postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapies on C-reactive protein. Thromb Haemost 2003; 90: 124–131
- Abbas A, Fadel P J, Wang Z, et al. Contrasting effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen on serum amyloid A (SAA) and high-density lipoprotein-SAA in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 164–167
- Menon D V, Vongpatanasin W. Effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors. Treat Endocrinol 2006; 5: 37–51
- Girdler S S, Hinderliter A L, Wells E C, et al. Transdermal versus oral estrogen therapy in postmenopausal smokers: hemodynamic and endothelial effects. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 169–180
- Ho J Y, Chen M J, Sheu W H, et al. Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Hum Reprod 2006; 21: 2715–2720
- Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kasama S, et al. Different effects of oral conjugated estrogen and transdermal estradiol on arterial stiffness and vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189: 436–442
- Sanada M, Tsuda M, Kodama I, et al. Substitution of transdermal estradiol during oral estrogen–progestin therapy in postmenopausal women: effects on hypertriglyceridemia. Menopause 2004; 11: 331–336
- Chu M C, Cosper P, Nakhuda G S, et al. A comparison of oral and transdermal short-term estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006; 86: 1669–1675
- Position Statement. Estrogen and progesterone use in postmenopausal women: July 2008 position statement of North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2008; 15: 584–603
- Løkkegaard E, Andreasen A H, Jacobsen R K, et al. Hormone therapy and risk of myocardial infarction: a national register study. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2660–2668
- Shifren J L, Desindes S, McIlwain M, et al. A randomized, open-label, crossover study comparing the effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy on serum androgens, thyroid hormones, and adrenal hormones in naturally menopausal women. Menopause 2007; 14: 985–994
- Opartny L, Dell'Aniello S, Assouline S, et al. Hormone replacement therapy use and variation in the risk of breast cancer. BJOG 2008; 115: 169–175