Intensifying attachment-related sadness and decreasing anger intensity among individuals suffering from unresolved anger: The role of relational reframe followed by empty-chair interventions

References

• Brebner, J. (2003). Gender and emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 387–394.10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00059-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carryer, J. R., & Greenberg, L. S. (2010). Optimal levels of emotional arousal in experiential therapy of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 190–199. doi:10.1037/a001840110.1037/a0018401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Set correlation and contingency tables. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12, 425–434. doi:10.1177/01466216880120041010.1177/014662168801200410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyne, J. C. (1976). Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 39, 28–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Barrio, V., Aluja, A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2004). Anger assessment with the STAXI-CA: Psychometric properties of a new instrument for children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 227–244. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.08.01410.1016/j.paid.2003.08.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. M., Rochman, D., & Amir, O. (2010). Arousing primary vulnerable emotions in the context of unresolved anger: ‘Speaking’ about versus ‘speaking to’. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 402–410. doi:10.1037/a002111510.1037/a0021115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., Diamond, G. M., & Levy, S. (2014). Attachment-based family therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, G. S., & Siqueland, L. (1998). Emotions, attachment and the relational reframe: The first session. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 17, 36–50.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (1986). Interpersonal process recall (IPR) as a psychotherapy process research method. In L. S. Greenberg & W. M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 503–527). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), The nature and treatment of pathological anxiety (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frankel, Z., & Levitt, H. M. (2009). Clients’ experiences of disengaged moments in psychotherapy: A grounded theory analysis. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39, 171–186. doi:10.1007/s10879-008-9087-z10.1007/s10879-008-9087-z
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10447-00010.1037/10447-000
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Emotions, the great captains of our lives: Their role in the process of change in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 697–707.10.1037/a0029858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., Auszra, L., & Herrmann, I. R. (2007). The relationship among emotional productivity, emotional arousal and outcome in experiential therapy of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 482–493.10.1080/10503300600977800
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Malcolm, W. (2002). Resolving unfinished business: Relating process to outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 406–416. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.40610.1037/0022-006X.70.2.406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Paivio, S. (1997). Working with emotions in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2006). Emotion in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly research review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 611–630. doi:10.1002/jclp.20252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. (1987). Emotion in psychotherapy: Affect, cognition, and the process of change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. (1989). Emotion in Psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 44, 19–29.10.1037/0003-066X.44.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. J., Warwar, S. H., & Malcolm, W. M. (2008). Differential effects of emotion-focused therapy and psychoeducation in facilitating forgiveness and letting go of emotional injuries. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 185–196. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.2.18510.1037/0022-0167.55.2.185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2006). Emotion-focused therapy for depression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11286-00010.1037/11286-000
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. M. (1996). The practice of emotionally focused marital therapy: Creating connection. New York, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
   Google Scholar
• Kagan, N. (1975). Interpersonal process recall: A method of influencing human interaction. Unpublished manuscript (Available from N. Kagan, Farrish Hall, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004).
   Google Scholar
• Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. (in press). Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. M., & Piazza-Bonin, E. (2011). Therapists’ and clients’ significant experiences underlying psychotherapy discourse. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 70–85. doi:10.1080/10503307.2010.51863410.1080/10503307.2010.518634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missirlian, T. M., Toukmanian, S. G., Warwar, S. H., & Greenberg, L. S. (2005). Emotional arousal, client perceptual processing, and the working alliance in experiential psychotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 861–871. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.86110.1037/0022-006X.73.5.861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, G., Diamond, G. M., & Diamond, G. S. (2005). The relational reframe and parents’ problem constructions in attachment-based family therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 15, 226–235. doi:10.1080/1050330051233138778010.1080/10503300512331387780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio, S. C., & Greenberg, L. S. (1995). Resolving ‘unfinished business’: Efficacy of experiential therapy using empty-chair dialogue. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 419–425.10.1037/0022-006X.63.3.419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio, S. C., Holowaty, K. A. M., & Hall, I. E. (2004). The influence of therapist adherence and competence on client reprocessing of child abuse memories. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41, 56–68. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.41.1.5610.1037/0033-3204.41.1.56
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual-Leone, A., Gills, P., Singh, T., & Andreescu, C. A. (2013). Problem anger in psychotherapy: An emotion-focused perspective on hate, rage, and rejecting anger. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 43, 83–92.
   Google Scholar
• Pascual-Leone, A., & Paivio, S. C. (2013). Emotion-focused therapy for anger in complex trauma. In E. Fernandez (Ed.), Treatments for anger in specific populations: Theory, application, and outcome (pp. 33–51). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perls, F., Hefferline, R. E., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy. New York, NY: Julian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, L. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.). (1984). Patters of change: Intensive analysis of psychotherapy process. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenwald, S. K., & Garland, A. F. (2013). A review of treatment adherence measurement methods. Psychological Assessment, 25, 146–156.10.1037/a0029715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulák, L., & Lietaer, G. (2001). Moments of empowerment: A qualitative analysis of positively experienced episodes in brief person-centred counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 1, 62–73. doi:10.1080/1473314011233138526810.1080/14733140112331385268
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman, H., & Rice, L. N. (1989). Sequential analyses of therapist-client interaction during change events: A task-focused approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 281–286.10.1037/0022-006X.57.2.281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar