Tragic optimism: an integrative meaning-centred approach to trauma treatment

References

• B. Hudnall Stamm Traumatic Stress Research Group. (1996, 1997). Stressful life experiences screen. [On-line]. Retrieved from http://www.isu.edu/~bhstamm/tests/slesOnline.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, L. A., Belli, G. M., Asnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2018). A review of the role negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world in the treatment of PTSD. Cognitive Therapy and Research. doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9938-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J. M., & Cooper, H. M. (1979). The desirability of control. Motivation and Emotion, 3(4), 381–393.
   Google Scholar
• Catherall, D. (1986). The support system and amelioration of PTSD in Vietnam veterans. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 23(3), 472–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fibel, B., & Hale, W. D. (1978). The generalized expectancy for success scale-a new measure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522–527.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Cahill, S. P. (2001). Emotional processing in psychological therapies. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Bates (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral science (pp. 12363–12369). New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Folkman, S. (2010). Stress, coping, and hope. Psycho-Oncology, 19, 901–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankl, V. (1985). Man’s search for meaning: Revised and updated. NY: Washington Square.
   Google Scholar
• Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, M. J. (2001). Stress response syndromes: Personality styles and interventions (4th ed.). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (1985). The aftermath of victimization: Rebuilding shattered assumptions. In C. R. Figley (Ed.),Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. NY: Brunner/Mazel, 15-35.
   Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. NY: Maxwell Macmillan International.
   Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (1999). Rebuilding shattered assumptions after traumatic events: Coping processes and outcomes. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works. NY: Oxford University, 305-323.
   Google Scholar
• Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Three explanatory models. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 30–34. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285634816_Posttraumatic_Growth_Three_Explanatory_Models
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleim, B., Grey, N., Wild, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Stott, R., Hackmann, A., … Ehlers, A. (2013). Cognitive change predicts symptom reduction with cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 383–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, M. M., Steinfort, T., Vroon, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (2002). Life attitudes scale: Development and validation of a measurement of the construct of Tragic Optimism (Unpublished master’s thesis). Trinity Western University, Langley, BC.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, L. L., & Kleiber, D. A. (2005). Letting go of the negative: Psychological growth from a close brush with death. Traumatology, 11(4), 221–232.
   Google Scholar
• Nietlisbach, G., & Maercker, A. (2009). Effects of social exclusion in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(4), 323–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch, S., & Foa, E. (2006). Emotional processing theory (EPT) and exposure therapy for PTSD. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36, 61–65.
   Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. NY: Free.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., … Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and Validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 321–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., & Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk, B. A., & McFarlane, A. C. (1996). The black hole of trauma. In B. A. Van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 3–23). NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (1998). Meaning-centered counseling. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical application (pp. 395–435). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2001a). Tragic optimism, realistic pessimism, and mature happiness: An existential model. Paper presented at the Positive Psychology Summit, Washington, DC, October 6–8, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2001b). Living with terror: Lessons from logotherapy and positive psychology. A workshop presented at the Harvard Conference on Spirituality and Healing in Medicine. Organized by Harvard Medical School’s Mind/Body Medical Institute and The George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health, Boston.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2007). Positive psychology and a positive revolution. In P. T. P. Wong, M. McDonald, & D. Klaassen (Eds.), The positive psychology of meaning and spirituality. Abbotsford, BC: INPM Press. 237–58.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2009). Viktor Frankl: Prophet of hope for the 21st century. In A. Batthyany & J. Levinson (Eds.), Existential psychotherapy of meaning: A handbook of logotherapy and existential analysis. Phoenix, AZ: Zeig, Tucker & Theisen Inc. Retrieved from https://www.meaning.ca/article/viktor-frankl-prophet-hope-herald-positive-psychology/
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2010). Meaning Therapy: An Integrative and Positive Existential Psychology. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy., 40(2), 85–99.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology, 52(2), 69–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2012). Toward a dual-systems model of what makes life worth living. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 3–22). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2015). Meaning therapy: Assessments and interventions. Existential Analysis, 26(1), 154–167.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P. (2018). meaning therapy and the Toronto Van attack. Retrieved from http://www.drpaulwong.com/meaning-therapy-and-the-toronto-van-attack/
   Google Scholar
• Wong, P. T. P., & McDonald, M. (2002). Tragic optimism and personal meaning in counselling victims of abuse. Pastoral Sciences, 20(2), 231–249.
   Google Scholar