The beginning of the end: a comparison of treatment completers and early dropouts in trainee-provided time-limited cognitive behavioral therapy

References

• Anderson, S. R., Tambling, R., Yorgason, J. B., & Rackham, E. (2019). The mediating role of the therapeutic alliance in understanding early discontinuance. Psychotherapy Research, 29(7–8), 882–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C., Manber, R., Constantino, M. J., Markowitz, J. C., Klein, D. N., … Rush, A. J. (2007). Dropouts versus completers among chronically depressed outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97(1–3), 197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, A., & Wagner, E. (2010). Treatment attrition among racial and ethnic minority youth. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 10(1), 63–80.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, M. S., Chua, W. J., Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B., & Thompson, D. (2008). Early withdrawal from mental health treatment: Implications for psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45(2), 247–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Freeman, A. M., & Associates. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Birks, M., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2008). Memoing in qualitative research. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13(1), 68–75.
   Google Scholar
• Björk, T., Björck, C., Clinton, D., Sohlberg, S., & Norring, C. (2009). What happened to the ones who dropped out? Outcome in eating disorder patients who complete or prematurely terminate treatment. European Eating Disorders Review, 17(2), 109–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252–260.
   Google Scholar
• Boritz, T., Barnhart, R., Eubanks, C. F., & McMain, S. (2018). Alliance rupture and resolution in Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 32(Supplement), 115–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burton, L., & Thériault, A. (2020). Hindering events in psychotherapy: A retrospective account from the client’s perspective. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 20(1), 116–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, A. A., Amechi, M., & Persky, A. (2019). An exploration of pharmacy education researchers’ perceptions and experiences conducting qualitative research. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84((3), 334–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, J., Barkham, M., Hardy, G., Rees, A., Shapiro, D. A., Stiles, W. B., & Macaskill, N. (2003). Outcomes of patients completing and not completing cognitive therapy for depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 133–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coutinho, J., Ribeiro, E., Sousa, I., & Safran, J. D. (2014). Comparing two methods of identifying alliance rupture events. Psychotherapy, 51(3), 434–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks-Carter, C., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2015). Alliance-focused training. Psychotherapy, 52(2), 169–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Burckell, L., & Goldfried, M. R. (2018a). Clinical consensus strategies to repair ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 28(1), 60–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Lubitz, J., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2019). Rupture resolution rating system (3RS): Development and validation. Psychotherapy Research, 29(3), 306–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2015). Rupture resolution rating system (3RS): Manual (Unpublished manuscript). New York: Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Muran, J. C., & Safran, J. D. (2018b). Alliance rupture repair: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 508–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Sergi, J., & Muran, J. C. (2021a). Responsiveness to ruptures and repairs in psychotherapy. In J. C. Watson, and H. Wiseman (Eds.), The responsive psychotherapist: Attuning to clients in the moment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association 83–103 .
   Google Scholar
• Eubanks, C. F., Sergi, J., Samstag, L. W., & Muran, J. C. (2021b). Commentary: Rupture repair as a transtheoretical corrective experience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 457–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer, C. S., Passmore, S. R., Maietta, R. C., Petruzzelli, J., Casper, E., Brown, N. A., … Quinn, S. C. (2015). The symbolic value and limitations of racial concordance in minority research engagement. Qualitative Health Research, 26(6), 830–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbay, M., Shiels, C., Bower, P., Sibbald, B., King, M., & Ward, E. (2003). Patient-practitioner agreement: Does it matter? Psychological Medicine, 33(2), 241–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfield, S. L. (1994). Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 190–228). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Gülüm, İ. V., Soygüt, G., & Safran, J. D. (2018). A comparison of pre-dropout and temporary rupture sessions in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 28(5), 685–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, S., Moore, A. M., Crane, D. R., & Payne, S. H. (2010). Psychotherapy dropouts: Differences by modality, license, and DSM-IV diagnosis. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(3), 333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, H. (1989). Coding guide II: Identification of withdrawal challenges in exploratory therapy (Sheffield, United Kingdom: University of Sheffield)
   Google Scholar
• Hatchett, G. T., & Park, H. L. (2003). Comparison of four operational definitions of premature termination. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 40(3), 226–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E. (2010). Qualitative studies of negative experiences in psychotherapy. In J. C. Muran & J. P. Barber (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice (pp. 63–73). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223–233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvitz-Lennon, M., Normand, S.-L. T., Frank, R. G., & Goldman, H. H. (2003). “Usual care” for major depression in the 1990s: Characteristics and expert-estimated outcomes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(4), 720–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundt, N. E., Ecker, A. H., Thompson, K., Helm, A., Smith, T. L., Stanley, M. A., & Cully, J. A. (2020). “It didn’t fit for me:” a qualitative examination of dropout from prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy in veterans. Psychological Services, 17(4), 414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokotovic, A. M., & Tracey, T. J. (1987). Premature termination at a university counseling center. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(1), 80–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (2013). Outcome in psychotherapy: The past and important advances. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampropoulos, G. K. (2010). Type of counseling termination and trainee therapist– Client agreement about change. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 23(1), 111–120.
   Google Scholar
• Maietta, R., Mihas, P., Swartout, K., Petruzzelli, J., & Hamilton, A. (in press). Sort and sift, think and shift: Let the data be your guide. The Qualitative Report.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. (2001). An administratively created reality: Some problems with the use of self-report questionnaire measures of adjustment in counselling/psychotherapy outcome research. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 1(3), 215–226.
   Google Scholar
• McMurran M, Huband N and Overton E. (2010). Non-completion of personality disorder treatments: A systematic review of correlates, consequences, and interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 277–287. 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mulhall, A. (2003). In the field: Notes on observation in qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(3), 306–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muran, J. C., & Eubanks, C. F. (2020). Therapist performance under pressure: Negotiating emotion, difference, and rupture. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Muran, J. C., Safran, J. D., Gorman, B. S., Samstag, L. W., Eubanks-Carter, C., & Winston, A. (2009). The relationship of early alliance ruptures and their resolution to process and outcome in three time-limited psychotherapies for personality disorders. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(2), 233–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muran, J. C. (2019). Confessions of a New York rupture researcher: An insider’s guide and critique. Psychotherapy Research, 29(1), 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E . (2011 Evidence-based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. Norcross, J.C.). . Psychotherapy Relationships That Work (Oxford University Press), 423–430.
   Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe, S., Martin, P., Target, M., & Midgley, N. (2019). ‘I just stopped going’: A mixed methods investigation into types of therapy dropout in adolescents with depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persons, J. B. (1989). Cognitive therapy in practice: A case formulation approach. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Phillippi, J., & Lauderdale, J. (2017). A guide to field notes for qualitative research: Context and conversation. Qualitative Health Research, 28(3), 381–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, B. F., & Brown, L. G. (1999). Reducing psychotherapy dropouts: Maximizing perspective convergence in the psychotherapy dyad. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 36(2), 123–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos, J., & Werbart, A. (2013). Therapist and relationship factors influencing dropout from individual psychotherapy: A literature review. Psychotherapy Research, 23(4), 394–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, A., Dolev, T., & Zilcha-Mano, S. (2018). Patient demographics and psychological functioning as predictors of unilateral termination of psychodynamic therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 28(5), 672–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharf, J., Primavera, L. H., & Diener, M. J. (2010). Dropout and therapeutic alliance: A meta-analysis of adult individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(4), 637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, G. E., Imel, Z. E., Ludman, E. J., & Steinfeld, B. J. (2012). Is dropout after a first psychotherapy visit always a bad outcome? Psychiatric Services, 63(7), 705–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, G. E., & Ludman, E. J. (2010). Predictors of early dropout from psychotherapy for depression in community practice. Psychiatric Services, 61(7), 684–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., & Horvath, A. O. (2017). Appropriate responsiveness as a contribution to therapist effects. In L. G. Castonguay, and C. E. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others? Understanding therapist effects (pp. 71–84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Reynolds, S., Hardy, G. E., Rees, A., Barkham, M., & Shapiro, D. A. (1994). Evaluation and description of psychotherapy sessions by clients using the session evaluation questionnaire and the session impacts scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(2), 175–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., Callahan, J. L., & Levine, J. C. (2009). Using clinically significant change to identify premature termination. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(3), 328–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., Greenberg, R. P., Tompkins, K. A., & Parkin, S. R. (2017). Treatment refusal and premature termination in psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and their combination: A meta-analysis of head-to-head comparisons. Psychotherapy, 54(1), 47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, B. J., Leibert, T. W., & Agaskar, V. R. (2011). Relationships among client–therapist personality congruence, working alliance, and therapeutic outcome. Psychotherapy, 48(4), 376–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1(3), 207–210.
   Google Scholar
• Tryon, G. S., Blackwell, S. C., & Hammel, E. F. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance. Psychotherapy Research, 17(6), 629–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westmacott, R., Hunsley, J., Best, M., Rumstein-mckean, O., & Schindler, D. (2010). Client and therapist views of contextual factors related to termination of psychotherapy: A comparison between unilateral and mutual terminators. Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 423–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willig, C. (2014). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: Adventures in theory and method. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Eubanks, C. F., & Muran, J. C. (2019). Sudden gains in the alliance in cognitive behavioral therapy versus brief relational therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87(6), 501–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Muran, J. C., Eubanks, C. F., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2017). Not just a Non-specific Factor: Moderators of the effect of within- and between-clients alliance on outcome in CBT. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(2), 146–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Muran, J. C., Eubanks, C. F., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2018). When therapist estimations of the process of treatment can predict patients rating on outcome: The case of the working alliance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(4), 398–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Muran, J. C., Hungr, C., Eubanks, C. F., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2016a). The relationship between alliance and outcome: Analysis of a two-person perspective on alliance and session outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(6), 484–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilcha-Mano, S., Snyder, J., & Silberschatz, G. (2016b). The effect of congruence in patient and therapist alliance on patient’s symptomatic levels. Psychotherapy Research, 27(3), 371–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar