References
- Abramson , L. Y. , Seligman , M. P. E. and Teasdale , J. 1978 . Learned helplessness in human: critique and reformulation . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 87 : 49 – 74 .
- Berman , J. S. and Norton , N. C. 1985 . Does a training make a therapist more effective . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 401 – 407 .
- Berzins , J. L. , Bednar , R. L. and Severy , L. J. 1975 . The problem of intersource consensus in measuring therapeutic outcome: new data and multivariate perspective . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 84 : 10 – 19 .
- DePaulo , B. M. , Brown , P. , Ishii , S. and Fisher , J. D. 1981 . Help that works: the effects of aid on subsequent task performance . Journal and Social Psychology , 41 : 478 – 487 .
- Eysenck , H. J. 1952 . The effects of psychotherapy: an evaluation . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 16 : 319 – 324 .
- Harlow , H. F. 1949 . The formation of learning . Psychological Review , 56 : 51 – 65 .
- HowartH , C. I. 1989 . Psychotherapy: who benefit . Psychologist , 2 : 150 – 152 .
- Howarth , C. I. and Clark‐Carter , D. D. 1984 . “ Blindness and deafness ” . In Psychology and Social Problems: An Introduction to Applied Psychology , Edited by: Gale , A. and Chapman , A. J. Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
- Kobassa , S. C. 1982 . “ The hardy personality: toward a social psychology of stress and health ” . In Social Psychology of Health and Illness , Edited by: Senders , G. S. and Suls , J. New Jersey : Erlbaum .
- Landman , J. and Dawes , R. M. 1982 . Psychotherapy outcome: Smith and Glass' conclusions stand up under scrutiny . American Psychologist , 37 : 504 – 516 .
- McCord , J. 1978 . A thirty‐year follow‐up of treatment effects . American Psychologist , 33 : 284 – 289 .
- Messili , R. 1990 . The dynamic of altruism: the interaction of personality with the effects of failure and the response to help , University of Nottingham . unpublished PhD thesis submitted to the
- Parloff , M. B. , London , P. and Wolfe , B. 1986 . Individual psychotherapy and behavior change . Annual Review of Psychology , 37 : 321 – 349 .
- Prioleau , L. , Murdock , M. and Brody , N. 1983 . An analysis of psychotherapy versus placebo studies . The Behavioral and Brain Science , 6 : 275 – 310 .
- Schachter , S. 1982 . Recidivism and self‐cure of smoking and obesity . American Psychologist , 37 : 436 – 444 .
- Seligman , M. E. P. 1975 . Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death , San Francisco : Freeman .
- Smith , M. L. , Glass , V. G. and Miller , T. I. 1980 . The Benefit of Psychotherapy , Baltimore : John Hopkins University Press .
- Snow , R. E. and Yalow , E. 1982 . “ Education and intelligence ” . In Handbook of Human Intelligence , Edited by: Sternber , J. Cambridge University Press .
- Stiles , W. B. , Shapiro , D. A. and Elliott , R. 1986 . Are all psychotherapies equivalent? . American Psychologist , 41 : 165 – 180 .
- Struh , H. , Hadley , S. W. and Comes‐Schwartz , B. 1977 . Psychotherapy for Better or Worse: An Analysis of the Problem of Negative Effects , New York : Jason Aronson .
- Thorndike , E. L. 1911 . Animal Intelligence: Experimental Studies , New York : Hafner Publishing Company .
- Wood , D. 1988 . How Children Think and Learn , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
- Wood , D. and Middleton , D. J. 1975 . A study of assisted problem solving . British Journal of Psychology , 66 : 181 – 191 .