Gender-role traits and depression: Self-esteem and control as mediators

References

• Allgood-Merten , B. and Stockard , J. 1991 . Sex role identity and self-esteem: a comparison of children and adolescents . Sex Roles , 25 : 129 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amenson , C. S. and Lewinsohn , P. M. 1981 . An investigation into the observed sex differences in prevalence of unipolar depression . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 90 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baken , D. 1966 . The duality of human existence , Chicago : Rand McNally Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bassoff , E. S. and Glass , G. V. 1982 . The relationship between sex roles and mental health: a meta-analysis of twenty-six studies . The Counselling Psychologist , 10 : 105 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. 1967 . Depression: causes and treatment , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1974 . The measurement of psychological androgyny . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 81 : 506 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1981 . Gender schema theory: a cognitive account of sex typing . Psychological Review , 88 : 354 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benassi , V. A. , Paul , D. S. and Charles , L. D. 1988 . Is there a relationship between locus of control orientation and depression? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 97 : 357 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , J. H. and Weissman , M. M. 1981 . Epidemiology of affective disorders: a reexamination and future direction . Archives of General Psychiatry , 28 : 1039 – 1046 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. , Andrews , B. , Harris , T. , Adler , Z. and Bridge , L. 1986 . Social support, self-esteem and depression . Psychological Medicine , 16 : 813 – 831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , T. A. 1989 . Sex difference in prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity: a social epidemiological study in Taiwan . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 80 : 395 – 407 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien , C. P. and Cheng , T. A. 1985 . Depression in Taiwan: epidemiology survey utilizing CES-D . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 76 : 5 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Clancy , K. and Gove , W. 1974 . Sex differences in mental health: an analysis of response bias in self-reports . American Journal of Sociology , 80 : 205 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary , P. D. 1987 . “ Gender differences in stress-related disorders ” . In Gender and stress , Edited by: Barnett , R. C. , Biner , L. and Baruch , G. K. New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feather , N. T. 1985 . Masculinity, femininity, and subclinical depression . Sex Roles , 12 : 491 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flett , G. L. , Vredenburg , K. , Pliner , P. and Krames , L. 1985 . Sex roles and depression: a preliminary investigation of the direction of causality . Journal of Research in Personality , 19 : 429 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gove , W. R. and Geerken , M. R. 1976 . Response bias in surveys of mental health: an empirical investigation . American Journal of Sociology , 82 : 1289 – 1317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen , C. , Marks , T. , De Mayo , R. and Mayol , A. 1985 . Self-schemas and risk for depression: a prospective study . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 1147 – 1159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingham , J. G. , Kreitman , N. B. , Miller , P. M. , Sashidharan , S. P. and Surtees , P. G. 1986 . Self-esteem, vulnerability and psychiatric disorder in the community . British Journal of Psyciatry , 148 : 375 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. J. and Black , K. M. 1981 . The relationship between sex role identity and beliefs in personal control . Sex Roles , 7 : 425 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose , P. E. and McCarthy , W. L. 1988 . Perceived agentic and communal behavior in mixed-sex interactions . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 : 57 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn , M. L. and Schooler , C. 1982 . Job conditions and personality: a longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects . American Journal of Sociology , 87 : 1257 – 1287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause , N. 1983 . Conflicting sex-role expectations, housework dissatisfaction, and depression symptoms among full-time housewives . Sex Roles , 9 : 1115 – 1125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. C. 1992 . The psychology of women, , 4th edn , Taipei : Da-Yang Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn , P. M. , Steinmetz , J. L. , Larson , D. W. and Franklin , J. 1981 . Depression-related cognitions: antecedent or consequence? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 90 : 213 – 219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , B. C. 1989 . Sex-role orientation, coping strategies, and self-efficacy of women in traditional and nontraditional occupations . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 13 : 307 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , L. 1994 . University transition: major and minor life stressors, personality characteristics and mental health . Psychology Medicine , 24 : 81 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu , L. 1995 . Correlates of social support: personal characteristics and social resources . Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 8 : 173 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Markstrom-Adams , C. 1989 . Androgyny and its relation to adolescent psychological well-being: a review of the literature . Sex Roles , 21 : 325 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , P. M. , Kreitman , N. B. , Ingham , J. G. and Sashidharan , S. P. 1989 . Conceptual analysis of the sex-role ideology . Journal of Affective Disorders , 17 : 65 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirowsky , J. and Ross , C. E. 1986 . Social patterns of distress . Annual Review of Sociology , 12 : 23 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullis , R. L. and McKinley , K. 1989 . Gender-role orientation of adolescent females: effects on self-esteem and locus of control . Journal of Adolescent Research , 4 : 506 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema , S. 1987 . Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 259 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormel , J. and Sanderman , A. 1989 . “ Life events, personal control and depression ” . In Stress, personal control and health , Edited by: Steptoe , A. and Appels , A. New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ormel , J. and Schaufeli , W. 1989 . Stability and change in negative affect: a structural longitudinal model fitted on two data sets on distress, self-esteem and locus of control . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 25 : 112 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Padesky , C. and Hammen , C. 1977 . Help-seeking for depression: sex differences in college students , Los Angeles : University of California . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus , D. 1983 . Sphere-specific measures of perceived control . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 1253 – 1265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. 1977 . The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Journal of Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 : 285 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov , T. , Tomer , A. and Nesselroade , J. R. 1991 . Reporting structural equation modeling results in psychology and aging: some proposed guideliness . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 499 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randely , J. G. , Holstrom , R. M. and Karn , S. A. 1984 . The relationship of sex-role identity, life style and mental health in suburban American homemakers . Sex Roles , 11 : 839 – 848 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , J. E. and Monroe , S. M. 1992 . Vulnerable self-esteem and depressive symptoms: prospective findings comparing three alternative conceptualizations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 804 – 812 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , R. E. and O'Keefe , S. J. 1981 . Sex differences in depression reexamined . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 22 : 394 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1965 . Society and the adolescent self-image , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rotter , J. R. 1966 . Generalized expectancies for internalized versus externalized reinforcement . Psychological Monographs , 80 (1, Whole No. 609)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanfilipo , M. P. 1994 . Masculinity, femininity, and subjective experiences of depression . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 30 : 144 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence , J. T. 1984 . “ Masculinity, femininity, and gender-role traits: a conceptual analysis and critique of current research ” . In Proress in experimental personality research (Vol. 13): Normal personality processes , Edited by: Maher , B. A. and Maher , W. B. Orlando , FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spence , J. T. and Helmreich , R. L. 1978 . Masculinity and femininity: their psychological dimensions, correlates and antecedents , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , J. A. , Newcomb , M. D. and Bentler , P. M. 1992 . The effect of agency and communality on self-esteem: gender differences in longitudinal data . Sex Roles , 26 : 465 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. C. and Hall , J. A. 1982 . Psychological androgyny: theories, methods and conclusions . Psychological Bulletin , 92 : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waelde , L. C. , Silvern , L. and Hodges , W. F. 1994 . Stressful life events: moderators of the relationships of gender roles to self-reported depression and suicidality among college students . Sex Roles , 30 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman , M. and Klerman , G. L. 1977 . Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 34 : 98 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton , B. 1980 . The sociogenesis of psychological disorder: an attributional theory . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 21 : 100 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley , B. E. 1983 . Sex role orientation and self-esteem: a critical meta-analytic review . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 765 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley , B. E. 1985 . Sex role orientation and psychological well-being: two meta-analyses . Sex Roles , 12 : 207 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley , B. E. 1988 . Masculinity, femininity, and self-esteem: a multitrait-multimethod analysis . Sex Roles , 18 : 419 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeldow , P. B. , Clark , D. C. and Daugherty , S. R. 1985 . Personality indicators of psychosocial adjustment in first-year medical students . Social Science and Medicine , 20 : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar