Implicit racial bias and epistemic pessimism

References

• Amodio, D. M. (2014). The neuroscience of prejudice and stereotyping. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 670–682.10.1038/nrn3800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreychik, M. R., & Gill, M. J. (2012). Do negative implicit associations indicate negative attitudes? Social explanations moderate whether ostensible “negative” associations are prejudice-based or empathy-based. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1082–1093.10.1016/j.jesp.2012.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94, 991–1013.10.1257/0002828042002561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, I. L., & Webster, M. M. (1980). Learned taste aversions in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 25, 363–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornstrom, E. E. S., Kaufman, R. L., Peterson, R. D., & Slater, M. D. (2010). Race and ethnic representations of lawbreakers and victims in crime news: A national study of television coverage. Social Problems, 57, 269–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, C. (1984). Sex bias in the evaluation of students. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 147–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstein, M. (2015). Implicit bias. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Spring 2015 ed.). Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/implicit-bias/
   Google Scholar
• Brownstein, M., & Madva, A. (2012). The normativity of automaticity. Mind & Language, 27, 410–434.10.1111/mila.2012.27.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownstein, M., & Saul, J. (Eds.). (2016a). Implicit bias & philosophy: Volume I, metaphysics and epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brownstein, M., & Saul, J. (Eds.). (2016b). Implicit bias and philosophy: Volume 2, moral responsibility, structural injustice, and ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Busse, M., Israeli, A., & Zettlemeyer, F. (2015). Repairing the damage: The effect of price expectations on auto repair quotes. Working Paper #0126. The Center for the Study of Industrial Organization at Northwestern University. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/directory/busse_meghan.aspx#research
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2009). Alone in the crowd: The structure and spread of loneliness in a large social network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 977–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2008). The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 2249–2258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58, 7–19.10.1093/analys/58.1.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002). The police officer’s dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1314–1329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch, M. (2012). Implicit bias and gender (and other sorts of) diversity in philosophy and the academy in the context of the corporatized university. Journal of Social Philosophy, 43, 212–226.10.1111/j.1467-9833.2012.01562.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Brown, A. S., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2010). Faking of the implicit association test is statistically detectable and partly correctable. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 302–314.10.1080/01973533.2010.519236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, A. (2011). Comments on Gendler’s, “The epistemic costs of implicit bias”. Philosophical Studies, 156, 65–79.10.1007/s11098-011-9803-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255–278.10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 223–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedler, K., & Bluemke, M. (2005). Faking the IAT: Aided and unaided response control on the Implicit Association Tests. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 307–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankish, K. (2010). Dual-process and dual-system theories of reasoning. Philosophy Compass, 5, 914–926.
   Google Scholar
• Fricker, M. (2010). Replies to Alcoff, Goldberg, and Hookway on epistemic injustice. Episteme, 7, 164–178.10.3366/epi.2010.0006
   Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E., & Sommers, S. R. (2013). Living with an other-race roommate shapes whites’ behavior in subsequent diverse settings. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 272–276.10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendler, T. S. (2008). Alief and belief. Journal of Philosophy, 105, 633–663.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendler, T. S. (2011). On the epistemic costs of implicit bias. Philosophical Studies, 156, 33–63.10.1007/s11098-011-9801-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, C. E., Losee, J., & Vitiello, C. (2014). A replication attempt of stereotype susceptibility (Shih, Pittinsky, & Ambady, 1999). Social Psychology, 45, 194–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, A., Judd, C. M., Hirsh, H. K., & Blair, I. V. (2014). Awareness of implicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1369–1392.10.1037/a0035028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2009). Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 28, 404–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslanger, S. (2015). Social structure, narrative, and explanation. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 45(1), 1–15.10.1080/00455091.2015.1019176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holroyd, J. (2012). Responsibility for implicit bias. Journal of Social Philosophy, 43, 274–306.10.1111/j.1467-9833.2012.01565.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holroyd, J. (2015). Implicit bias, awareness, and imperfect cognitions. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 511–523.10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holroyd, J., & Sweetman, J. (2016). The heterogeneity of implicit bias. In M. Brownstein & J. Saul (Eds.), Implicit bias and philosophy (Vol. 1, pp. 80–103). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, D., & Roedder, E. (2008). Racial cognition and the ethics of implicit bias. Philosophy Compass, 3, 522–540.10.1111/j.1747-9991.2008.00138.x
   Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Glynn, C. J., & Huge, M. (2013). The Matilda effect in science communication: An experiment on gender bias in publication quality perceptions and collaboration interest. Science Communication, 35, 603–625.10.1177/1075547012472684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler, J. J. (1996). The base rate fallacy reconsidered: Descriptive, normative, and methodological challenges. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19(1), 1–53.10.1017/S0140525X00041157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, C. K., Hoffman, K. M., & Nosek, B. A. (2013). Reducing implicit prejudice. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 315–330.10.1111/spc3.12023
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. J., & Schunn, C. D. (2010). Philosophy journal practices and opportunities for bias. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy, 10, 5–10.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, N. (2015). Neither fish nor fowl: Implicit attitudes as patchy endorsements. Noûs, 49, 800–823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machery, E. (2016). De-Freuding implicit attitudes. In M. Brownstein & J. Saul (Eds.), Implicit bias and philosophy, volume I: Metaphysics and epistemology (pp. 104–129). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Madva, A. (2016). Virtue, social knowledge, and implicit bias. In M. Brownstein & J. Saul (Eds.), Implicit bias and philosophy, Vol. 1: Metaphysics and epistemology (pp. 191–215), New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198713241.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Madva, A., & Brownstein, M. (in press). Stereotypes, prejudice, and the taxonomy of the implicit social mind. Nous.
   Google Scholar
• Mandelbaum, E. (2014). Thinking is believing. Inquiry, 57, 55–96.10.1080/0020174X.2014.858417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandelbaum, E. (2015). Attitude, inference, association: On the propositional structure of implicit bias. Noûs, 50, 629–658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugg, J. (2013). What are the cognitive costs of racism? A reply to Gendler Philosophical Studies, 166, 217–229.10.1007/s11098-012-0036-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247–259.10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181–192.10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K. (2006). Weapon bias: Split-second decisions and unintended stereotyping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 287–291.10.1111/cdir.2006.15.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, D. P., & Ceci, S. J. (1982). Peer-review practices of psychological journals: The fate of published articles, submitted again. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 187–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puddifoot, K. (2016). Accessibilism and the challenge from implicit bias. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 97, 421–434.10.1111/papq.v97.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkissian, H. (2010). Minor tweaks, major payoffs: The problems and promise of situationism in moral philosophy. Philosophers’ Imprint, 10(9), 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saul, J. (2012a). Ranking exercises in philosophy and implicit bias. Journal of Social Philosophy, 43, 256–273.10.1111/j.1467-9833.2012.01564.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saul, J. (2012b). Skepticism and implicit bias. Disputatio, 5, 243–263.
   Google Scholar
• Schwitzgebel, E. (2013). A dispositional approach to attitudes: Thinking outside of the belief box. In N. Nottelmann (Ed.), New essays on belief: Constitution, content, and structure (pp. 75–99). Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillan.10.1057/9781137026521
   Google Scholar
• Shih, M., Pittinsky, T., & Ambady, N. (1999). Stereotype susceptibility: Identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychological Science, 10, 80–83.10.1111/1467-9280.00111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommers, S. R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2000). Race in the courtroom: Perceptions of guilt and dispositional attributions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1367–1379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinpreis, R. E., Anders, K. A., & Ritzke, D. (1999). The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: A national empirical study. Sex Roles, 41, 509–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, B. D., & Payne, B. K. (2008). Bringing automatic stereotyping under control: Implementation intentions as efficient means of thought control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1332–1345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan-Bissett, E. (2015). Implicit bias, confabulation, and epistemic innocence. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 548–560.10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetlock, P. E., Kristel, O. V., Elson, S. B., Green, M. C., & Lerner, J. S. (2000). The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 853–870.10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasello, M. (1999). The cultural origins of human cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Uhlmann, E. L., & Nosek, B. A. (2012). My culture made me do it. Social Psychology, 43, 108–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valian, V. (1998). Why so slow? The advancement of women. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar