References
- Alexander, R. D. (1987). The biology of moral systems. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
- Boehm, C. (1991). Lower-level teleology in biological evolution: Decision behavior and reproductive success in two species. Cultural Dynamics, 4, 115–134.
- Boehm, C. (1992). Segmentary “warfare” and the management of conflict: Comparison of East African chimpanzees and patrilineal-patrilocal humans. In A. Harcourt & F. B. M. De Waal (Eds.), Us against them: Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals (pp. 137–173). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Boehm, C. (1994). Pacifying interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe. In R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. De Waal, & P. G. Heltne (Eds.), Chimpanzee cultures (pp. 211–226). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Boehm, C. (1996). Emergency decisions, cultural selection mechanics, and group selection. Current Anthropology, 37, 763–793.
- Boehm, C. (1997). Impact of the human egalitarian syndrome on Darwinian selection mechanics. American Naturalist, 150, S100–S121.
- Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: The evolution of egalitarian behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Boehm, C. (2012a). Ancestral hierarchy and conflict. Science, 336, 844–847.
- Boehm, C. (2012b). Moral origins: The evolution of altruism, virtue, and shame. New York: Basic Books.
- Boehm, C. (2016). Bullies: Redefining the human free-rider problem. In J. Carroll & E. O. Wilson (Eds.), Darwin’s bridge: Uniting the humanities and sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Boehm, C. (2017). Ancestral precursors for moral evolution. In R. Wrangham, D. Pilbeam, & M. Muller (Eds.), Human evolution and chimpanzees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Boesch, C. (1991). The effects of leopard predation on grouping patterns in forest chimpanzees. Behaviour, 117, 220–241.
- Boesch, C. (1994a). Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 48, 653–667.
- Boesch, C. (1994b). Hunting strategies of Gombe and Taï chimpanzees. In R. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. De Waal, & P. Heltne (Eds.), Chimpanzee cultures (pp. 77–91). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Boesch, C. (2002). Cooperative hunting roles among Taï chimpanzees. Human Nature, 13, 27–46.
- Boesch, C. (2005). Joint cooperative hunting among wild chimpanzees: Taking natural observations seriously. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(5), 692–693.
- Byrne, R. W., & Byrne, J. M. (1988). Leopard killers of Mahale. Natural History, 97, 22–26.
- Call, J., Hare, B., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2004). ‘Unwilling’ versus ‘unable’: Chimpanzees’ understanding of human intentional action. Developmental Science, 7, 488–498.
- Campbell, D. T. (1975). On the conflicts between biological and social evolution and between psychology and moral tradition. American Psychologist, 30, 1103–1126.
- Casebeer, W. D. (2003). Moral cognition and its neural constituents. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 840.
- Cashdan, E. (1980). Egalitarianism among hunters and gatherers. American Anthropologist, 82, 116–120.
- Casimir, M. J., & Schnegg, M. (2002). Shame across cultures: The evolution, ontogeny, and function of a “moral emotion”. In H. Keller, Y. H. Poortinga, & A. Scholmerich (Eds.), Between culture and biology: Perspectives on ontogenetic development (pp. 270-302). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.
- De Waal, F. B. M. (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Deacon, T. W. (1998). The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience. New York: Putnam.
- Durkheim, É. (1933). The division of labor in society. New York: Free Press.
- Erdal, D., & Whiten, A. (1994). On human egalitarianism: An evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation. Current Anthropology, 35, 175–184.
- Fallow, A. (2009). Frodo, the alpha male. National Geographic Society. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0304/feature4/online_extra2.html
- Fawcett, K., & Muhumuza, G. (2000). Death of a wild chimpanzee community member: Possible outcome of intense sexual competition. American Journal of Primatology, 51, 243–247.
- Fessler, D. M. (2004). Shame in two cultures: Implications for evolutionary approaches. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 4, 207-262.
- Flack, J. C., & De Waal, F. B. M. (2000). ‘Any animal whatever’: Darwinian building blocks of morality in monkeys and apes. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7, 1–29.
- Gintis, H. (Ed.). (2005). Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life (Vol. 6). Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Glowacki, L., & Wrangham, R. W. (2013). The role of rewards in motivating participation in simple warfare. Human Nature, 24, 444–460.
- Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
- Goodall, J. (1992). Unusual violence in the overthrow of an alpha male chimpanzee at Gombe. In T. Nishida, W. C. McGrew, P. Marler, M. Pickford, & F. B. M. De Waal (Eds.), Topics in primatology, volume 1: Human origins (131–142). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
- Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 18, 998-1002.
- Hare, B. (2017). Survival of the friendliest: Homo sapiens evolved via selection for prosociality. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 155–186.
- Hohmann, G., & Fruth, B. (2011). Is blood thicker than water. In M. M. Robbins & C. Boesch (Eds.), Among African apes: Stories and photos from the field (61–76). Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hrdy, S. B. (2014). Development plus social selection in the emergence of “emotionally modern” humans. In J. Decety & Y. Christen (Eds), New frontiers in social neuroscience. New York: Springer.
- Kaburu, S., Inoue, S., & Newton-Fisher, N. (2013). Death of the alpha: Within‐community lethal violence among chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountain’s National Park. American Journal of Primatology, 75, 789–797.
- Krebs, D. (2005). The evolution of morality. In D. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology (747–771). New York: Wiley.
- Mayr, E. (2001). What evolution is. New York: Basic Books.
- Muller, M. N., & Mitani, J. C. (2005). Conflict and cooperation in wild chimpanzees. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 35, 275–331.
- Nesse, R. M. (2007). Runaway social selection for displays of partner value and altruism. Biological Theory, 2, 143-155.
- Nishida, T. (1996). Reports from the field : Mahale, Tanzania : The death of ntologi, the unparalleled leader of m group [4]. Pan Africa News, 3, 4.
- Nishida, T., Hosaka, K., Nakamura, M., & Hamai, M. (1995). A within-group gang attack on a young adult male chimpanzee: Ostracism of an ill-mannered member. Primates; Journal of Primatology, 36, 207–211.
- Norenzayan, A, & Shariff, A. F. (2008). The origin and evolution of religious prosociality. Science, 322, 58-62.
- Pruetz, J. D., Ontl, K. B., Cleaveland, E., Lindshield, S., Marshack, J., & Wessling, E. G. (2017). Intragroup lethal aggression in West African chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes Verus): Inferred killing of a former alpha male at Fongoli, Senegal. International Journal of Primatology, 38, 31–57.
- Searle, J. R. (1990). Collective intentions and actions. In P. R. Cohen, J. Morgan, & M. Pollack (Eds.), Intentions in communication (401–415). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Simon, H. A. (1990). A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science, 250, 1665-1668.
- Sober, E., & Wilson, D. S. (1998). Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore & P. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (103–130). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Tomasello, M., & Moll, H. (2010). The gap is social: Human shared intentionality and culture. In B. Kappeler & J. Silk (Eds), Mind the gap (pp. 331–349). New York: Springer.
- Tomasello, M. (2014). A natural history of human thinking. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Tomasello, M. (2016). A natural history of human morality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (2011). Methodological challenges in the study of primate cognition. Science, 334, 1227–1228.
- Tomasello, M., Call, J., & Hare, B. (2003). Chimpanzees versus humans: It’s not that simple. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(6), 239–240.
- Tomasello, M., & Carpenter, M. (2005). The emergence of social cognition in three young chimpanzees. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, 1–152.
- Tomasello, M., & Carpenter, M. (2007). Shared intentionality. Developmental Science, 10(1), 121–125.
- Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675–691.
- Tomasello, M., & Hamann, K. (2012). Collaboration in young children. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(1), 1–12.
- Tomasello, M., & Rakoczy, H. (2003). What makes human cognition unique? From individual to shared to collective intentionality. Mind & Language, 18, 121–147.
- Warneken, F., Chen, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77, 640–663.
- Warneken, F., Hare, B., Melis, A. P., Hanus, D., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. PLoS Biology, 5, 3184.
- Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301–1303.
- Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy : the Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 11, 271–294.
- Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2013). The emergence of contingent reciprocity in young children. Journal of Child Psychology, 116, 338–350.
- Watts, D. P. (2004). Intracommunity coalitionary killing of an adult male chimpanzee at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. International Journal of Primatology, 25, 507–521.
- Watts, D. P., Muller, M., Amsler, S. J., Mbabazi, G., & Mitani, J. C. (2006). Lethal intergroup aggression by chimpanzees in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. American Journal of Primatology, 68, 161–180.
- West-Eberhard, M. J. (1979). Sexual selection, social competition, and evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 123, 222-234.
- Westermarck, E. A. (1908). The origin and development of the moral ideas, volume i and ii. London: Macmillan.
- Wilson, D. S., & Dugatkin, L. A. (1997). Group selection and assortative interactions. The American Naturalist, 149, 336–351.
- Wilson, E. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Wilson, M. L., Boesch, C., Fruth, B., Furuichi, T., Gilby, I. C., Hasimoto, C., & Wrangham, R. W. (2014). Lethal aggression in pan is better explained by adaptive strategies than human impacts. Nature, 513(7518), 414–417.
- Wilson, M. L., Hauser, M. D., & Wrangham, R. W. (2001). Does participation in cooperative intergroup conflict depend on numerical assessment, range location, or rank for wild chimpanzees. Animal Behavior, 61, 1203–1216.
- Wilson, M. L., & Wrangham, R. W. (2003). Intergroup relations in chimpanzees. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 363–392.
- Wrangham, R., & Pilbeam, D. (2001). African apes as time machines. In B. M. F. Galdikas, N. E. Briggs, L. K. Sheeran, G. L. Shapiro, & J. Goodall (Eds.), All apes great and small, volume i: African apes (pp. 5–17). New York: Plenum.
- Wrangham, R. W. (1999). The evolution of coalitionary killing: The imbalance-of-power hypothesis. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 42, 1–30.
- Wrangham, R. W., & Peterson, D. (1996). Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence. New York: Houghton Mifflin.