345
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Neurocognitive dynamics of spontaneous offline simulations: Re-conceptualizing (dream)bizarreness

ORCID Icon
Pages 1072-1101 | Received 23 Aug 2021, Accepted 09 Feb 2022, Published online: 27 Feb 2022

References

  • Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). Constructive episodic simulation: Temporal distance and detail of past and future events modulate hippocampal engagement. Hippocampus, 18(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20405
  • Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2012). The brain’s default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation. The Neuroscientist, 18(3), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858411403316
  • Bar, M., Aminoff, E., Mason, M. F., & Fenske, M. (2007). The units of thought. Hippocampus, 17(6), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20287
  • Berntsen, D. (2021). Involuntary autobiographical memories and their relation to other forms of spontaneous thoughts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1817), 20190693. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0693
  • Brons, L. (2019). Aphantasia, SDAM, and episodic memory. Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science, 28, 9–32. https://doi.org/10.4288/jafpos.28.0_9
  • Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1124(1), 1121–1138. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.011
  • Cartwright, R. (2005). Dreaming as a mood regulation system. In Kryger, Meir H., Roth, Thomas, and Dement, William C. (Eds.) Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4, (pp. 565–572). Elsevier.
  • Cavallero, C., & Cicogna, P. (1993). Memory and dreaming. In Cavallero, C., & Foulkes, D. (Eds.) Dreaming as cognition. (pp. 38-57). Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Christoff, K., Irving, Z. C., Fox, K. C., Spreng, R. N., & Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2016). Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: A dynamic framework. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(11), 718. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.113
  • Christoff, K., Ream, J. M., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2004). Neural basis of spontaneous thought processes. Cortex, 40(4–5), 623–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70158-8
  • Cicogna, P., Cavallero, C., & Bosinelli, M. (1991). Cognitive aspects of mental activity during sleep. The American Journal of Psychology, 104(3) , 413–425. https://doi.org/10.2307/1423247
  • Dawes, A. J., Keogh, R., Andrillon, T., & Pearson, J. (2020). A cognitive profile of multi-sensory imagery, memory and dreaming in aphantasia. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65705-7
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2001). A new neurocognitive theory of dreams. Dreaming, 11(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009464416649
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2007). Realistic simulation and bizarreness in dream content: Past findings and suggestions for future research. In D. Barrett & P. McNamara (Eds.), The new science of dreaming: Content, recall, and personality correlates (Vol. 2, pp. 1–27). Praeger Perspectives.
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2011). Dreams are embodied simulations that dramatize conceptions and concerns: The continuity hypothesis in empirical, theoretical, and historical context. International Journal of Dream Research, 4(2), 50–62. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-26292-003
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2017). The emergence of dreaming: Mind-wandering, embodied simulation, and the default network. Oxford University Press.
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2019a). The neurocognitive theory of dreaming. In R. J. Hoss, K. Valli, & R. P. Gongloff (Eds.), Dreams: Understanding biology, psychology, and culture (Vol. 1, pp. 95–98). Greenwood.
  • Domhoff, G. W. (2019b). The neurocognitive theory of dreams at age 20: An assessment and a comparison with four other theories of dreaming. Dreaming, 29(4), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000119
  • Domhoff, G. W., & Fox, K. C. (2015). Dreaming and the default network: A review, synthesis, and counterintuitive research proposal. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.019
  • Dorsch, F. (2015). Focused daydreaming and mind-wandering. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 6(4), 791–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-014-0221-4
  • Duvarci, S., & Nader, K. (2004). Characterization of fear memory reconsolidation. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(42), 9269–9275. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2971-04.2004
  • Fair, D. A., Cohen, A. L., Dosenbach, N. U., Church, J. A., Miezin, F. M., Barch, D. M., Schlaggar, B. L., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2008). The maturing architecture of the brain’s default network. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(10), 4028–4032. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0800376105
  • Fosse, M. J., Fosse, R., Hobson, A. J., & Stickgold, R. J. (2003). Dreaming and episodic memory: A functional dissociation? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1162/089892903321107774
  • Foulkes, D. (1990). Dreaming and consciousness. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541449008406196
  • Foulkes, D. (2009). . In Children's dreaming and the development of consciousness. Harvard University Press.
  • Foulkes, D., & Fleisher, S. (1975). Mental activity in relaxed wakefulness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076164
  • Foulkes, D., & Schmidt, M. (1983). Temporal sequence and unit composition in dream reports from different stages of sleep. Sleep, 6(3), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/6.3.265
  • Fox, K. C., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Mills, C., Dixon, M. L., Markovic, J., Thompson, E., & Christoff, K. (2018). Affective neuroscience of self-generated thought. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1426, 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13740
  • Fox, K. C., Nijeboer, S., Solomonova, E., Domhoff, G. W., & Christoff, K. (2013). Dreaming as mind wandering: Evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00412
  • Gerrans, P. (2012). Dream experience and a revisionist account of delusions of misidentification. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(1), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.11.003
  • Gerrans, P. (2014a). The measure of madness: Philosophy of mind,cognitive neuroscience and delusional thought. MIT Press.
  • Gerrans, P. (2014b). Pathologies of hyperfamiliarity in dreams, delusions and déjà vu. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 97. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00097
  • Girn, M., Mills, C., Roseman, L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Christoff, K. (2020). Updating the dynamic framework of thought: Creativity and psychedelics. NeuroImage, 213, 116726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116726
  • Gross, M., Smith, A. P., Graveline, Y., Beaty, R., Schooler, J., & Seli, P. (2021). Comparing the phenomenological qualities of stimulus-independent thought, stimulus-dependent thought and dreams using experience sampling. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1817), 20190694. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0694
  • Gupta, A. S., van der Meer, M. A., Touretzky, D. S., & Redish, A. D. (2010). Hippocampal replay is not a simple function of experience. Neuron, 65(5), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.034
  • Hall, C. S. (1953). A cognitive theory of dreams. The Journal of General Psychology, 49(2), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1953.9710091
  • Hartmann, E. (2010). The nature and functions of dreaming. Oxford University Press.
  • Harvey, A. G., Jones, C., & Schmidt, D. A. (2003). Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 377–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(03)00032-1
  • Hobson, A. J. (1997). Dreaming as delirium: A mental status analysis of our nightly madness. Seminars in Neurology, 17(2), 121–128.
  • Hobson, A. J. (2004). A model for madness? Nature, 430(6995), 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/430021a
  • Hobson, A. J., & Friston, K. J. (2012). Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations. Progress in Neurobiology, 98(1), 82–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.003
  • Hobson, A. J., Hoffman, S. A., Helfand, R., & Kostner, D. (1987). Dream bizarreness and the activation-synthesis hypothesis. Human Neurobiology.
  • Hobson, A. J., & Kahn, D. (2007). Dream content: Individual and generic aspects. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(4), 850–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2007.07.010
  • Hobson, A. J., McCarley, R. W., & Wyzinski, P. W. (1975). Sleep cycle oscillation: Reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. Science, 189(4196), 55–58. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094539
  • Hobson, A. J., & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2002). The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: Neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(9), 679–693. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn915
  • Hobson, A. J., Pace-Schott, E. F., & Stickgold, R. J. (2000). Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(6), 793–842. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00003976
  • Hobson, A. J., & Stickgold, R. J. (1994). Dreaming: A neurocognitive approach. Consciousness and Cognition, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1994.1001
  • Hoel, E. (2021). The Overfitted Brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization. Patterns 2(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2021.100244
  • Horton, C. L. (2017). Consciousness across sleep and wake: Discontinuity and continuity of memory experiences as a reflection of consolidation processes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00159
  • Horton, C. L., & Malinowski, J. E. (2015). Autobiographical memory and hyperassociativity in the dreaming brain: Implications for memory consolidation in sleep. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00874
  • Irving, Z. C., & Glasser, A. (2020). Mind‐wandering: A philosophical guide. Philosophy Compass, 15(1), e12644. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12644
  • Klinger, E. (1978). Modes of normal conscious flow. In Klinger, E (Ed.) The stream of consciousness (pp. 225–258). Springer.
  • Klinger, E. (2012). Daydreaming and fantasizing: Thought flow and motivation. In K. D. Markman, W. M. Klein, & J. A. Suhr (Eds.), Handbook of imagination and mental simulation (pp. 225–239). Psychology Press.
  • Klinger, E., & Cox, W. M. (1987). Dimensions of thought flow in everyday life. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 7(2), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.2190/7K24-G343-MTQW-115V
  • Konishi, M., McLaren, D. G., Engen, H., Smallwood, J., & Hayasaka, S. (2015). Shaped by the past: The default mode network supports cognition that is independent of immediate perceptual input. PloS one, 10(6), e0132209. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132209
  • Kunzendorf, R. G., Hartmann, E., Cohen, R., & Cutler, J. (1997). Bizarreness of the dreams and daydreams reported by individuals with thin and thick boundaries. Dreaming, 7(4), 265. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094482
  • Lee, M. H., Hacker, C. D., Snyder, A. Z., Corbetta, M., Zhang, D., Leuthardt, E. C., Shimony, J. S., & Chen, K. (2012). Clustering of resting state networks. PloS one, 7(7), e40370. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040370
  • Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L. (2011). Re-defining discontinuity: Implications for the functions of dreaming. International Journal of Dream Research, 4(2), 78–80. https://doi.org/10.11588/ijodr.2011.2.9147
  • Malinowski, J. E., & Horton, C. L. (2015). Metaphor and hyperassociativity: The imagination mechanisms behind emotion assimilation in sleep and dreaming. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01132
  • Mamelak, A. N., & Hobson, A. J. (1989). Dream bizarreness as the cognitive correlate of altered neuronal behavior in REM sleep. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(3), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1989.1.3.201
  • Mangiaruga, A., Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., & De Gennaro, L. (2018). Spotlight on dream recall: The ages of dreams. Nature and Science of Sleep, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S135762
  • Maquet, P., Laureys, S., Peigneux, P., Fuchs, S., Petiau, C., Phillips, C., Meulemans, T., Degueldre, C., Meulemans, T., Luxen, A., Franck, G., Van Der Linden, M., Smith, C., Cleeremans, A., & Aerts, J. (2000). Experience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 3(8), 831–836. https://doi.org/10.1038/77744
  • Mildner, J. N., & Tamir, D. I. (2019). Spontaneous thought as an unconstrained memory process. Trends in Neurosciences, 42(11), 763–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.001
  • Mills, C., Herrera-Bennett, A., Faber, M., & Christoff, K. (2018). Why the mind wanders: How spontaneous thought’s default variability may support episodic efficiency and semantic optimization. In Fox, K. C. R.& Christoff, K. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought: Mind-wandering, Creativity, and Dreaming. Oxford University Press, 11–22.
  • Mills, C., Zamani, A., White, R., & Christoff, K. (2021). Out of the blue: Understanding abrupt and wayward transitions in thought using probability and predictive processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1817), 20190692. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0692
  • Montangero, J. (2012). Dream thought should be compared with waking world simulations: A comment on Hobson and colleagues’ paper on dream logic. Dreaming, 22(1), 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026140
  • Murphy, C., Jefferies, E., Rueschemeyer, S.-A., Sormaz, M., Wang, H.-T., Margulies, D. S., & Smallwood, J. (2018). Distant from input: Evidence of regions within the default mode network supporting perceptually-decoupled and conceptually-guided cognition. NeuroImage, 171, 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.017
  • Nielsen, T. A. (2010). Dream analysis and classification: The reality simulation perspective. In M. Kryeger, T. Roth, & W. C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine (pp. 595–603). Elsevier.
  • Nielsen, T. A. (2017). Microdream neurophenomenology. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2017(1), nix001. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/nix001
  • Oettingen, G., & Schwörer, B. (2013). Mind wandering via mental contrasting as a tool for behavior change. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00562
  • Payne, J. D., Stickgold, R. J., Swanberg, K., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008). Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes. Psychological Science, 19(8), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02157.x
  • Perogamvros, L., Baird, B., Seibold, M., Riedner, B., Boly, M., & Tononi, G. (2017). The phenomenal contents and neural correlates of spontaneous thoughts across wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 29(10), 1766–1777. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01155
  • Pesant, N., & Zadra, A. (2006). Dream content and psychological well‐being: A longitudinal study of the continuity hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(1), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20212
  • Raichle, M. E. (2015). The brain’s default mode network. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 38(1), 433–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030
  • Reinsel, R., Antrobus, J. S., & Wollman, M. (1993). Bizarreness in dreams and waking fanatasy. In J. S. Antrobus & M. Bertini (Eds.), The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming (pp. 143–155). Erlbaum.
  • Revonsuo, A. (1999). Binding and the phenomenal unity of consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition, 8(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1999.0384
  • Revonsuo, A. (2006). Inner presence: Consciousness as a biological phenomenon. Mit Press.
  • Revonsuo, A., Kallio, S., & Sikka, P. (2009). What is an altered state of consciousness? Philosophical Psychology, 22(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080902802850
  • Revonsuo, A., & Salmivalli, C. (1995). A content analysis of bizarre elements in dreams. Dreaming, 5(3), 169. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094433
  • Revonsuo, A., & Tarkko, K. (2002). Binding in dreams-the bizarreness of dream images and the unity of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9(7), 3–24 https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/2002/00000009/00000007/1287.
  • Revonsuo, A., Tuominen, J., & Valli, K. (2015). The avatars in the machine: Dreaming as a simulation of social reality: Open MIND. MIND Group.
  • Rittenhouse, C. D., Stickgold, R. J., & Hobson, A. J. (1994). Constraint on the transformation of characters, objects, and settings in dream reports. Consciousness and Cognition, 3(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1994.1007
  • Rosen, M. G. (2018). How bizarre? A pluralist approach to dream content. Consciousness and Cognition, 62, 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.03.009
  • Sándor, P., Szakadát, S., & Bódizs, R. (2016). The development of cognitive and emotional processing as reflected in children’s dreams: Active self in an eventful dream signals better neuropsychological skills. Dreaming, 26(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1037/drm0000022
  • Schacter, D. L. (2012). Constructive memory: Past and future. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 14(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.1/dschacter
  • Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., & Buckner, R. L. (2007). Remembering the past to imagine the future: The prospective brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(9), 657–661. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2213
  • Schredl, M. (2006). Factors affecting the continuity between waking and dreaming: Emotional intensity and emotional tone of the waking-life event. Sleep and Hypnosis, 8(1), 1. http://www.sleepandhypnosis.org/ing/EnMakaleDetay.aspx?MkID=150.
  • Schredl, M., & Hofmann, F. (2003). Continuity between waking activities and dream activities. Consciousness and Cognition, 12(2), 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8100(02)00072-7
  • Sikka, P. (2020). Dream affect: Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of emotions and moods experienced in dreams. University of Turku.
  • Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2006). The restless mind. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 946. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.946
  • Smallwood, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2015). The science of mind wandering: Empirically navigating the stream of consciousness. Annual Review of Psychology, 66(1), 487–518. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015331
  • Smith, D., Moretto, U., & Dang-Vu, T. T. (2019). Neuroimaging studies of dreaming. In K. Valli & R. J. Hoss (Eds.), Dreams:: Understanding biology, psychology, and culture (Vol. 1, pp. 63–70). Greenwood.
  • Stickgold, R. J. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272–1278. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04286
  • Stickgold, R. J., & Walker, M. P. (2013). Sleep-dependent memory triage: Evolving generalization through selective processing. Nature Neuroscience, 16(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3303
  • Strauch, I. (2005). REM dreaming in the transition from late childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study. Dreaming, 15(3), 155. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.15.3.155
  • Strauch, I., & Lederbogen, S. (1999). The home dreams and waking fantasies of boys and girls between ages 9 and 15: A longitudinal study. Dreaming, 9(2–3), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021341732185
  • Supekar, K., Uddin, L. Q., Prater, K., Amin, H., Greicius, M. D., & Menon, V. (2010). Development of functional and structural connectivity within the default mode network in young children. NeuroImage, 52(1), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.009
  • Sutton, J. (2009). Dreaming. In S. Robins, J. Symons, & P. Calvo (Eds.), The Routledge companion to philosophy of psychology (pp. 522–542). Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Sutton, J. (2010). Carelessness and inattention: Mind-wandering and the physiology of fantasy from Locke to Hume. In Wolfe, Charles T.& Gal, Ofer (Eds.) The body as object and instrument of knowledge (pp. 243–263). Springer.
  • Tseng, J., & Poppenk, J. (2020). Brain meta-state transitions demarcate thoughts across task contexts exposing the mental noise of trait neuroticism. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17255-9
  • Van Dongen, E. V., Thielen, J.-W., Takashima, A., Barth, M., Fernández, G., & Felmingham, K. (2012). Sleep supports selective retention of associative memories based on relevance for future utilization. PloS one, 7(8), e43426. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043426
  • Voss, U., D’Agostino, A., Kolibius, L., Klimke, A., Scarone, S., & Hobson, A. J. (2018). Insight and dissociation in lucid dreaming and psychosis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02164
  • Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. J. (2010). Overnight alchemy: Sleep-dependent memory evolution. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2762-c1
  • Wamsley, E. J. (2014). Dreaming and offline memory consolidation. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 14(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0433-5
  • Wamsley, E. J. (2018). Dreaming and waking thought as a reflection of memory consolidation. In K. C. Fox & K. Christoff (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of spontaneous thought: Mind-wandering, creativity, and dreaming (pp. 457). Oxford University Press.
  • Wamsley, E. J., & Stickgold, R. J. (2010). Dreaming and offline memory processing. Current Biology, 20(23), R1010–R1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.045
  • Waters, F., Barnby, J. M., & Blom, J. D. (2021). Hallucination, imagery, dreaming: Reassembling stimulus-independent perceptions based on Edmund Parish’s classic misperception framework. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1817), 20190701. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0701
  • Wilhelm, I., Diekelmann, S., Molzow, I., Ayoub, A., Mölle, M., & Born, J. (2011). Sleep selectively enhances memory expected to be of future relevance. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(5), 1563–1569. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3575-10.2011
  • Windt, J. M. (2015). Dreaming: A conceptual framework for philosophy of mind and empirical research. MIT press.
  • Windt, J. M. (2021). How deep is the rift between conscious states in sleep and wakefulness? Spontaneous experience over the sleep–wake cycle. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1817), 20190696. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0696
  • Windt, J. M., & Noreika, V. (2011). How to integrate dreaming into a general theory of consciousness—a critical review of existing positions and suggestions for future research. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1091–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.010
  • Wolman, R. N., & Kozmová, M. (2007). Last night I had the strangest dream: Varieties of rational thought processes in dream reports. Consciousness and Cognition, 16(4), 838–849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2006.09.009
  • Yassa, M. A., & Reagh, Z. M. (2013). Competitive trace theory: A role for the hippocampus in contextual interference during retrieval. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00107
  • Zedelius, C. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2018). Unraveling what’s on our minds: How different types of mind-wandering Affect cognition and behavior. In K. C. Fox & K. Christoff (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of spontaneous thought: Mind-wandering, creativity, and dreaming (pp. 233). Oxford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.