Exploration of self- and world-experiences in depersonalization traits

References

• Adler, J., Schabinger, N., Michal, M., Beutel, M. E., & Gillmeister, H. (2016). Is that me in the mirror? Depersonalisation modulates tactile mirroring mechanisms. Neuropsychologia, 85, 148–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Fifth ed.).
   Google Scholar
• Armour, C., Contractor, A. A., Palmieri, P. A., & Elhai, J. D. (2014). Assessing latent level associations between PTSD and dissociative factors: is depersonalization and derealization related to PTSD factors more so than alternative dissociative factors? Psychological Injury and Law, 7(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9196-9
   Google Scholar
• Baker, D., Hunter, E. C. M., Lawrence, E., Medford, N., Patel, M., Senior, C., Sierra, M., Lambert, M. V., Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (2003). Depersonalisation disorder: Clinical features of 204 cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(5), 428–433. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.5.428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billon, A. (2016). Making sense of the cotard syndrome: Insights from the study of depersonalisation. Mind & Language, 31(3), 356–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billon, A. (2017). Mineness First: Three challenges to recent theories of the sense of bodily ownership. In A. Alsmith & F. de Vignemont (Eds.), The subject’s matter: Self- consciousness and the body. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blanke, O. (2012). Multisensory brain mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, 556–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke, O., & Metzinger, T. (2009). Full-body illusions and minimal phenomenal selfhood. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13, 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss, E. L. (1959). Studies of sleep deprivation—relationship to schizophrenia. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 81, 348–359. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1959.02340150080009
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Ciaunica, A. (2016). Basic forms of pre-reflective self-consciousness: A developmental perspective. In S. Miguens, G. Preyer, & C. Morando (Eds.), Pre-reflective self-consciousness: Sartre and contemporary philosophy of mind (pp. 422–438). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ciaunica, A., Charlton, J., & Farmer, H. (2020). When the window cracks: Transparency and the fractured self in depersonalisation. Phenomenology and Cognitive Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-020-09677-z
   Google Scholar
• Ciaunica, A., & Fotopoulou, A. (2017). The touched self: Psychological and philosophical perspectives on proximal intersubjectivity and the self. In C. Durt, T. Fuchs, & C. Tewes (Eds.), Embodiment, enaction, and culture—investigating the constitution of the shared world (pp. 173–192). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ciaunica, A., Hesp, C., Seth, A., Limanowski, J., & Friston, K. ((2021b,). I overthink—therefore I am not: Altered sense of self in depersonalisation disorder. Preprint here. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/k9d2n
   Google Scholar
• Ciaunica, A., Petreca, B., Fotopoulou, A., & Roepstorff, A. (2021). Whatever next and close to my self – The transparent senses and the ‘Second Skin’: Implications for the case of depersonalisation. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613587
   Google Scholar
• Ciaunica, A., Seth, A., Limanowski, J., Hesp, C., & Friston, K. (in press, 2022). I overthink—therefore I am not: An Active Inference Account of Altered Sense of Self and Agency in Depersonalisation Disorder. Consciousness and Cognition.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero, D. C., Neis, A. M., Klaunig, M. J., & Trask, C. L. (2017). The inventory of psychotic-like anomalous self-experiences (IPASE): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 29(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conerty, J., Skodlar, B., Pienkos, E., Zadravek, T., Byrom, G., & Sass, L. (2017). Examination of anomalous world experience: A report on reliability. Psychopathology, 50(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel-now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 10, 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane G, Miller M, . Losing Ourselves: Active Inference, Depersonalization, and Meditation. Front Psychol. 2020 Oct 29;11:539726. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.539726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devinsky, O., Putnam, F., Grafman, J., Bromfield, E., & Theodore, W. H. (1989, June). Dissociative states and epilepsy. Neurology, 39(6), 835–840. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.39.6.835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewe, H., Watson, D. G., Kessler, K., & Braithwaite, J. J. (2018). The depersonalized brain: New evidence supporting a distinction between depersonalization and derealization from discrete patterns of autonomic suppression observed in a non-clinical sample. Consciousness and Cognition, 63, 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, J. (1963). Depersonalization phenomena in a sample population of college students. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 371–375. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.109.460.371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugas, L., & Moutier, F. (1911). La Dépersonnalisation. Felix Alean References.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, H., Cataldo, A., Adel, N., Wignall, E., Gallese, V., Deroy, O., Hamilton, A., & Ciaunica, A. (2020). The detached self: investigating the effect of depersonalisation on self-bias in the visual remapping of touch. Multisensory Research, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10038
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, G. W. T. H. (1936). Mescaline and Depersonalization. (Journal of Neurology and Psychopathy Xvi: 193).
   Google Scholar
• Friston, K. J. (2017). Precision psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry – Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2(8), 640–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.08.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs, T. (2005). Corporealized and disembodied minds. A phenomenological view of the body in melancholia and schizophrenia. Philos Psychiatry Psychol, 12, 95–107.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, T. (2015). From self-disorders to ego disorders. Psychopathology, 48(5), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1159/000432404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, T., & Van Duppen, Z. (2017). Time and events: On the phenomenology of temporal experience in schizophrenia (ancillary article to eawe domain 2). Psychopathology, 50(1), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, S. (2000). Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01417-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrans, P. (2018). Depersonalisation Disorder Affective Processing and Predictive Coding. Review of Psychology and Philosophy. doi: 10.1007/s13164-018-0415-2 25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrans, P. (2019). Depersonalization disorder, affective processing and predictive coding. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 10(2), 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-018-0415-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrans P. Pain Asymbolia as Depersonalization for Pain Experience. An Interoceptive Active Inference Account. Front Psychol. 2020 Oct 29;11:523710. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.523710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik, O., Giesbrecht, T., Knutelska, M., Sirroff, B., & Simeon, D. (2007). Cognitive functioning in depersonalization disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 195(12), 983–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31815c19cd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., & Simeon, D. (2000). Feeling unreal: Cognitive processes in depersonalization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.157.1.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman, G. (1990). The intrinsic quality of experience. Philosophical Perspectives, 4, 31–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/2214186
   Google Scholar
• Henriksen, M. G., Škodlar, B., Sass, L. A., & Parnas, J. (2010). Autism and perplexity: A qualitative and theoretical study of basic subjective experiences in schizophrenia. Psychopathology, 43(6), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohwy, J. (2007). The sense of self in the phenomenology of agency and perception. Psyche, 13(1), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, E. C., Charlton, J., & David, A. S. (2017). Depersonalisation and derealisation: Assessment and management. BMJ, 356, j745. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j745
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter, E. C., Sierra, M., & David, A. S. (2004). The epidemiology of depersonalization and derealisation. A systematic review. Society of Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0701-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay EL, Sierra M, Van den Eynde F, Rothwell JC, David AS. Testing a neurobiological model of depersonalization disorder using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (2014). Testing a neurobiological model of depersonalization disorder using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Mar-Apr;7(2):252–9. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J., & Grebb, J. (1998). Substance related disorders. In K. H.i & S. B.j (Eds.), Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences, clinical psychiatry (8th ed., pp. 419–426). Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus, A. (2002). Melancholie: Eine art von depersonalisation. Affekt und affektive Stoerungen. In T. Fuchs & C. Mundt (Eds.), Affekt und affektive Storungen (pp. 169–186). Schoningh.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. V., Sierra, M., Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (2002). The spectrum of organic depersonalization: A review plus four new cases. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 14 (2), 141–154. Spring;. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.14.2.141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langfeldt, G. (1960). Diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 53, 1047–1052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012, August). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8), 701–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, W. E., Kwok, C. H., Hunter, E. C., Richards, M., & David, A. S. (2012). Prevalence and childhood antecedents of depersonalization syndrome in a UK birth cohort. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(2), 253–261. doi: 10.1007/s00127-010-0327-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand, D. (2006). The bodily self: The sensorimotor roots of pre-reflective self-consciousness. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 5(1), 89–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-005-9015-6
   Google Scholar
• Lemche, E., Brammer, M. J., David, A. S., Surguladze, S. A., Phillips, M. L., Sierra, M., Williams, S. C. R., & Giampietro, V. P. (2013). Interoceptive-reflective regions differentiate alexithymia traits in depersonalization disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 214(1), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemche E, Surguladze SA, Brammer MJ, Phillips ML, Sierra M, David AS, Williams SC, Giampietro VP (2016). Dissociable brain correlates for depression, anxiety, dissociation, and somatization in depersonalization-derealization disorder. CNS Spectr. 2016 Feb;21(1):35–42. doi: 10.1017/S1092852913000588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemche, E., Surguladze, S. A., Brammer, M. J., Phillips, M. L., Sierra, M., David, A. S., Williams, S. C., & Giampietro, V. P. (2016, February). Dissociable brain correlates for depression, anxiety, dissociation, and somatization in depersonalization-derealization disorder. CNS Spectrums, 21(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852913000588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limanowski, J., & Friston, K. (2018). ‘Seeing the dark’: Grounding phenomenal transparency and opacity in precision estimation for active inference. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 643. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeira, L., Camenates, S., Costa, C., Linhares, L., Stanghellini, G., Figueira, M. L., & Sass, L. (2017). Basic self-disturbances beyond schizophrenia: Discrepancies and affinities in panic disorder – An empirical clinical study. Psychopathology, 50(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1159/000457803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeira, L., Pienkos, E., Filipe, T., Melo, M., Queiroz, G., Eira, J., Costa, C., Figueira, M. L., & Sass, L. (2019). Self and world experience In non-affective first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 211, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansell, W., Carey, T.A. & Tai, S.J. (2015). Classification of psychopathology and unifying theory. Psychopathology Review, 2, 129–153.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer-Gross, W. (1935). On depersonalization1. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 15(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1935.tb01140.x
   Google Scholar
• Medford, N. (2012). Emotion and the unreal self: Depersonalization disorder and de-affectualization. Emotion Review, 4(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911430135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medford, N., Sierra, M., Baker, D., & David, A. S. (2005). Understanding and treating depersonalisation disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(2), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.11.2.92
   Google Scholar
• Medford N, Sierra M, Stringaris A, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, David AS. (2016)Emotional Experience and Awareness of Self: Functional MRI Studies of Depersonalization Disorder. Front Psychol. (2016)Emotional Jun 2;7:432. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medford N, Sierra M, Stringaris A, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, David AS. (2016) Emotional Experience and Awareness of Self: Functional MRI Studies of Depersonalization Disorder. Front Psychol. 2016 Jun 2;7:432. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merleau-Ponty, M. (1945/1962). Phénoménologie de la perception. Éditions Gallimard. English translation: C. Smith. Phenomenology of Perception, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962.
   Google Scholar
• Metzinger, T. (2003). Being no one: The self-model theory of subjectivity. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Michal, M., Beutel, M. E., & Grobe, T. G. (2010). Wie oft wird die Depersonalisations-Derealisationsstörung (ICD-10: F48.1) in der ambulanten Versorgung diagnostiziert? [How often is the Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder (ICD-10: F48.1) diagnosed in the outpatient health-care service?]. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 56(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2010.56.1.74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michal M, Reuchlein B, Adler J, Reiner I, Beutel ME, Vögele C, Schächinger H, Schulz A. (2014) Striking discrepancy of anomalous body experiences with normal interoceptive accuracy in depersonalization-derealization disorder. PLoS One. 9(2):e89823. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, G. E. (1903). The refutation of idealism. Mind, 12, 433–453. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XII.4.433
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, B. (2013). Varieties of self‐disturbance. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7, 231–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, B., Li, E., Cicero, D. C., Gawęda, Ł., Hartmann, J. A., Koren, D., Polari, A., Whitford, T. J., & Lavoie, S. (2018). The construct validity of the inventory of PSYCHOTIC‐LIKE ANOMALOUS Self‐experiences (IPASE) as a measure of MINIMAL self‐disturbance: Preliminary data. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(3), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgaard, J., & Parnas, J. (2014). Self-disorders and the schizophrenia spectrum: A study of 100 first hospital admissions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(6), 1300–1307. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgaard, J., Sass, L. A., & Parnas, J. (2013). The psychiatric interview: Validity, structure, and subjectivity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(4), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-012-0366-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, N., de Bezenac, C., Piovesan, A., Cutler, H., Corcoran, R., Fenyvesi, D., & Bertamini, M. (2018). I am there but not quite: An unfaithful mirror that reduces feelings of ownership and agency. Perception, 47(2), 197–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006617743392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, A. P., David, A. S., Low, D. A., Mathias, C. J., & Sierra-Siegert, M. (2015). Abnormal cardiovascular sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to physical and emotional stimuli in depersonalization disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 89. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnas, J., & Handest, P. (2003). Phenomenology of anomalous self-experience in early schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 44(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1053/comp.2003.50017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnas, J., Møller, P., Kircher, T., Thalbitzer, J., Jansson, L., Handest, P., & Zahavi, D. (2005). EASE: Examination of anomalous self-experience. Psychopathology, 38(5), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1159/000088441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnas, J., Raballo, A., Handest, P., Jansson, L., Vollmer-Larsen, A., & Sæbye, D. (2011). Self-experience in the early stages of schizophrenia: 5-year follow-up of the Copenhagen prodromal study. World Psychiatry, 10(3), 200–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00057.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pienkos, E. (2020). Schizophrenia in the world: Arguments for a contextual phenomenology of psychopathology. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 51(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341377
   Google Scholar
• Pienkos, E., & Sass, L. (under review). “Robbed of my life”: Depersonalization/derealization disorder as disturbance of immediate, familiar, and engaged presence
   Google Scholar
• Pienkos, E., Silverstein, S., & Sass, L. (2017). The phenomenology of anomalous world experience in schizophrenia: A qualitative study. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 48(2), 188–213. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341328
   Google Scholar
• Qin, P., Wang, M., & Northoff, G. (2020, August). Linking bodily, environmental and mental states in the self-A three-level model based on a meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 115, 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raballo, A., & Parnas, J. (2011). The silent side of the spectrum: Schizotypy and the schizotaxic self. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(5), 1017–1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raballo, A., Poletti, M., Pretit, A., & Parnas, J. (2021). The self in the spectrum: A meta-analysis of the evidence linking basic self-disorders and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 47(4), 1007–1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, M. (2017). Real hallucinations. psychiatric illness, intentionality and the interpersonal world. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, M., & Roth, M. (1962). Temporal lobe epilepsy and the phobic anxiety- depersonalization syndrome: I: A comparative study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 3(3), 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(62)80009-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salami, A., Andreu-Perez, J., & Gillmeister, H. (2020, November). Symptoms of depersonalisation/derealisation disorder as measured by brain electrical activity: A systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 118, 524–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sar, V., Alioğlu, F., & Akyuz, G. (2017). Depersonalization and derealization in self-report and clinical interview: The spectrum of borderline personality disorder, dissociative disorders, and healthy controls. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 18(4), 490–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1240737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, L., Borda, J. P., Madeira, L., Pienkos, E., & Nelson, B. (2018). Varieties of self disorder: A bio-pheno-social model of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sass, L. A., & Parnas, J. (2003). Schizophrenia, consciousness, and the self. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(3), 427–444. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, L., & Pienkos, E. (2015). Faces of intersubjectivity: A phenomenological study of interpersonal experience in melancholia, mania, and schizophrenia. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 46(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691624-12341283
   Google Scholar
• Sass, L., Pienkos, E., Nelson, B., & Medford, N. (2013). Anomalous self-experience in depersonalization and schizophrenia: A comparative investigation. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(2), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, L., Pienkos, E., Skodlar, B., Stanghellini, G., Fuchs, T., Parnas, J., & Jones, N. (2017). EAWE: Examination of anomalous world experience. Psychopathology, 50(1), 10–54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, P. (2021). Nobody? Disturbed self-experience in borderline personality disorder and four kinds of instability. In C. Tewes & G. Stanghellini (Eds.), Time and body: Phenomenological and psychopathological approaches (pp. 206–229). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Serra, L., Fadda, L., Buccione, I., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2007). Psychogenic and organic amnesia. A multidimensional assessment of clinical, neuroradiological, neuropsychological and psychopathological features. Behavioural Neurology, 18(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/193140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, A. K., Suzuki, K., & Critchley, H. D. (2011). An interoceptive predictive coding model of conscious presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seth, A. K., Suzuki, K., & Critchley, H. D. (2011). An Interoceptive Predictive Coding Model of Conscious Presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 2: 395.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sholokhova, S., Bizzari, V., & Fuchs, T. (2022). Exploring phenomenological interviews: Questions, lessons learned, and perspectives. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 21(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-021-09799-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M. (2009). Depersonalization: A new look at a neglected syndrome. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., Baker, D., Medford, N., & David, A. S. (2005). Unpacking the depersonalization syndrome: An exploratory factor analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization scale. Psychological Medicine, 35(10), 1523–1532. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705005325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (1997). Depersonalization: A conceptual history. History of Pyshciatry, 8, 213–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2000). The Cambridge Depersonalisation scale: A new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation. Psychiatry Research, 93(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00100-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2001). The phenomenological stability of depersonalization: Comparing the old with the new. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(9), 629–636. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200109000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra, M., & David, A. S. (2011). Depersonalization: A selective impairment of self-awareness. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(1), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sierra M, Medford N, Wyatt G, David AS. Depersonalization disorder and anxiety: a special relationship? (2012) Psychiatry Res. 2012 May 15;197(1–2):123–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., & Abugel, J. (2006). Feeling unreal: Depersonalization disorder and the loss of the self. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Guralnik, O., Hazlett, E. A., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Hollander, E., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (2000). Feeling unreal: A PET study of depersonalization disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1782–1788. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Knutelska, M., Nelson, D., & Guralnik, O. (2003). Feeling unreal: A depersonalization disorder update of 117 cases. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(9), 990–997. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v64n0903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simeon, D., Kozin, D. S., Segal, K., Lurch, B., Dujour, R., & Giesbrecht, T. (2008). De-constructing depersonalization: Further evidence for symptom clusters. Psychiatry Research, 157(1–3), 303–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanghellini, G., & Ballerini, M. (2007). Values in persons with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(1), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanghellini, G., & Ballerini, M. (2011). What is it like to be a person with schizophrenia in the social world? A first-person perspective study on schizophrenia dissociality- Part 2: Methodological issues and empirical findings. Psychopahtology, 44(3), 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibubos, A. N., Grammes, J., Beutel, M. E., Michal, M., Schmutzer, G., & Br ̈ahler, E. (2018). Emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 571–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tye, M. (1999). Phenomenal consciousness: The explanatory gap as a cognitive illusion. Mind, 108(432), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/108.432.705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Værnes, T. G., Røssberg, J. I., & Møller, P. (2018). Anomalous self-experience: Markers of schizophrenia vulnerability or symptoms of depersonalization disorder? A phenomenological investigation of two cases. Psychopathology, 51(3), 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heugten–van der Kloet, D., Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2015). Sleep loss increases dissociation and affects memory for emotional stimuli. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 7, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.11.002
   Google Scholar
• Zahavi, D. (2005). Subjectivity and selfhood: Investigating the first-person perspective. The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar