References
- Allen, W. R., & Jewell, J. O. (2002). A backward glance forward: Past, present and future perspectives on historically Black colleges and universities. The Review of Higher Education, 25, 241–261.10.1353/rhe.2002.0007
- Anderson, J. D. (1988). The education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.10.5149/uncp/9780807842218
- Aptheker, H., & Walker, D. (1965). One continual cry: David Walker’s Appeal to the colored citizens of the world, 1829–1830, its setting & its meaning. New York, NY: AIMS by Humanities Press.
- Astin, A., Astin, H. S., Bayer, A. E., & Bisconti, A. S. (1997). Overview of the unrest era. The History of Higher Education, 2, 724–738.
- Baker, L. D. (1998). From savage to Negro: Anthropology and the construction of race, 1896–1954. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Baker, R. S. (2006). Paradoxes of desegregation: African American struggles for educational equity in Charleston, South Carolina, 1926–1972. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
- Biondi, M. (2012). The Black revolution on campus. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Blea, I. I. (2003). The feminization of racism: Promoting world peace in America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Boston Review. (2016). Forum: Black study, Black struggle. Retrieved from https://bostonreview.net/forum/robin-d-g-kelley-Black-study-Black-struggle
- Brown, M., & Davis, J. (2001). The historically Black College as social contract, social capital, and social equalizer. Peabody Journal of Education, 76, 31–49.10.1207/S15327930PJE7601_03
- Carnevale, A. P., & Strohl, J. (2013). Separate and unequal: How higher education reinforces the intergenerational reproduction of white racial privilege. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
- Churchill, W., & Wall, J. V. (2002). The COINTELPRO papers: Documents from the FBI’s secret wars against dissent in the United States. Cambridge: South End Press.
- Cohen, A. M., & Kisker, C. B. (2010). The shaping of American higher education: Emergence and growth of the contemporary system (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Colored Conventions. (1831). Minutes and proceedings of the first annual convention of the People of Colour. Retrieved from https://coloredconventions.org/items/show/72
- Davies, C. B. (2007). Left of Karl Marx: The political life of Black communist Claudia Jones. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Davis, A. (1971). Reflections on the Black woman’s role in the community of slaves. The Black Scholar, 3, 2–15.
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903). The talented tenth. New York, NY: James Pott and Company.
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (2001). The education of Black people: Ten critiques, 1906–1960. New York: NYU Press.
- Dumas, M. J., & Ross, K. M. (2016). “Be real Black for me” imagining Blackcrit in education. Urban Education, 51, 415–442.10.1177/0042085916628611
- Feagin, J. R. (2014). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6, 167–191.10.1177/002234336900600301
- Geiger, R. (2005). The ten generations of American higher education. In R. O. Berdahl, P. G. Altbach, & P. J. Gumport (Eds.), Higher education in the twenty-first century (2nd ed., pp. 38–70). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Goodman, P. (1998). Of one blood: Abolitionism and the origins of racial equality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Harper, S. R. (2012). Race without racism: How higher education researchers minimize racist institutional norms. The Review of Higher Education, 36, 9–29.10.1353/rhe.2012.0047
- Harper, S. R., Patton, L. D., & Wooden, O. S. (2009). Access and equity for African American students in higher education: A critical race historical analysis of policy efforts. The Journal of Higher Education, 80, 389–414.10.1353/jhe.0.0052
- Harper, S. R., Smith, E. J., & Davis, C. H. (2016). A critical race case analysis of Black undergraduate student success at an urban university. Urban Education. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0042085916668956
- Hawkins, B. (2013). The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137357007
- Hill, M. L. (2016). Nobody: Casualties of America’s war on the vulnerable, from Ferguson to Flint and beyond. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
- Iloh, C., & Toldson, I. A. (2013). Black students in 21st century higher education: A closer look at for-profit and community colleges (editor’s commentary). The Journal of Negro Education, 82, 205–212.10.7709/jnegroeducation.82.3.0205
- Johnson, L. B. (1965). Commencement address at Howard University: To fulfill these rights. Retrieved from https://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/650604.asp
- Jones, C. (1995). An end to the neglect of the problems of the Negro woman! In B. Guy-Sheftall (Ed.), Words of fire: An anthology of African-American feminist thought (pp. 108–124). New York, NY: The New Press.
- Katznelson, I. (2005). When affirmative action was white: An untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
- Kendi, I. (2012). The Black campus movement: Black students and the racial reconstitution of higher education, 1965–1972. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Ladson-Billings, G. (2004). Landing on the wrong note: The price we paid for Brown. Educational Researcher, 33, 3–13.10.3102/0013189X033007003
- Logan, R. W. (1954). The Negro in American life and thought: The nadir, 1877–1901. New York, NY: Dial Press.
- Marable, M. (1999). How capitalism underdeveloped Black America: Problems in race, political economy, and society. Boston, MA: South End Press.
- Marable, M. (2007). Race, reform, and rebellion: The second reconstruction and beyond in Black America, 1945–2006 (3rd ed.). Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
- McKittrick, K. (2011). On plantations, prisons, and a Black sense of place. Social & Cultural Geography, 12, 947–963.10.1080/14649365.2011.624280
- McKittrick, K. (2013). Plantation futures. Small Axe, 17(3 42), 1–15.10.1215/07990537-2378892
- Mills, C. W. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Morris, A. (2015). The scholar denied: WEB Du Bois and the birth of modern sociology. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Moss, H. J. (2010). Schooling citizens: The struggle for African American education in antebellum America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- NCES (National Center for Education Statistics). (2013). U.S. Department of Education. Table 302.60. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in degree-granting institutions: 1967–2012. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_302.60.asp
- Nykiel, T. (2016). Student loan borrowing is skyrocketing for Black students – Here’s why and what to do about it. Retrieved from https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/loans/student-loans/why-student-loans-skyrocketing-for-Black-students/
- Oliver, M. L., & Shapiro, T. M. (2006). Black wealth, white wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
- Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Patton, L. D. (2015). Disrupting postsecondary prose toward a critical race theory of higher education. Urban Education, 51, 315–342.
- Prendergast, C. (2003). Literacy and racial justice: The politics of learning after Brown v. Board of Education. Carbondale: SIU Press.
- Rickford, R. (2016). We are an African people: Independent education, Black power, and the radical imagination. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199861477.001.0001
- Roebuck, J. B., & Murty, K. S. (1993). Historically Black colleges and universities: Their place in American higher education. Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Rudolph, F. (1990). American college and university: A history. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
- Sheldon, Kathryn. (1996). Brief history of Black women in the military. Women in the military service for America memorial foundation. Retrieved from https://www.womensmemorial.org/Education/BBH1998.html
- Siddle-Walker, V. (2001). African American teaching in the South: 1940–1960. American Educational Research Journal, 38, 751–779.10.3102/00028312038004751
- Siddle-Walker, V. (2013). Ninth annual Brown lecture in education research Black educators as educational advocates in the decades before Brown v. Board of Education. Educational Researcher, 42, 207–222.10.3102/0013189X13490140
- Smith, W. A., Mustaffa, J. B., Jones, C. M., Curry, T. J., & Allen, W. R. (2016). ‘You make me wanna holler and throw up both my hands!’: Campus culture, Black misandric microaggressions, and racial battle fatigue. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29, 1189–1209.10.1080/09518398.2016.1214296
- Sojoyner, D. M. (2013). Black radicals make for bad citizens: Undoing the myth of the school to prison pipeline. Berkeley Review of Education, 4, 241–263.
- Solórzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69, 60–73.
- Stein, S. (2016). Universities, slavery, and the unthought of anti-Blackness. Cultural Dynamics, 28, 169–187.10.1177/0921374016634379
- Sweatt v. Painter. (1950). 339 U.S. 639. Retrieved from https://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/-russell/seminar/sweatt/docs/sweatt_ussc.html
- Thelin, J. R. (2004). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Washington, H. A. (2008). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York, NY: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
- Watkins, W. H. (2001). The white architects of Black education: Ideology and power in America, 1865–1954. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
- West, C. (2000). Race matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Wilder, C. S. (2013). Ebony and ivy: Race, slavery, and the troubled history of America’s universities. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
- Williamson-Lott, J. (2008). Radicalizing the ebony tower: Black colleges and the Black freedom struggle in Mississippi. Reflective History. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
- Winkle-Wagner, R. (2010). The unchosen me: Race, gender, and identity among Black women in college. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.
- Wolters, R. (1975). The new Negro on campus: Black college rebellions of the 1920s. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
- Woodard, V. (2014). The delectable Negro: Human consumption and homoeroticism within US slave culture. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Wright, E. (2002). Using the master’s tools: The Atlanta sociological laboratory and American sociology, 1896–1924. Sociological Spectrum, 22, 15–39.
- Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation – An argument. CR: The New Centennial Review, 3, 257–337.10.1353/ncr.2004.0015
- Zuberi, T., & Bonilla-Silva, E. (2008). White logic, white methods: Racism and methodology. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.