Student resistance movements in higher education: an analysis of the depiction of Black Lives Matter student protests in news media

References

• Adams, L. (2017, October 19). Heckling is a staple of controversial campus speeches. Should colleges intervene? The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Adcock, C. (2010). The politician, the wife, the citizen, and her newspaper: Rethinking women, democracy, and media (ted) representation. Feminist Media Studies, 10, 135–159. doi:10.1080/14680771003672254
   Google Scholar
• Agua, J., & Pendakur, S. L. (2019). Transforming institutional racism from the inside out. In L. D. Morgan & C. H. F. Davis III (Eds.), Student activism, politics, and campus climate in higher education (pp. 164–182). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi, S., Sanchez, M., & Cole, D. (2019). Protecting Muslim students’ speech and expression and resisting islamophobia. In L. D. Morgan & C. H. F. Davis III (Eds.), Student activism, politics, and campus climate in higher education (pp. 97–111). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ayoub, N. (2017, April 23). A voice for many peoples’; Bruce Walsh, of the U. of Regina press, on telling Canada’s untold stories. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, T. (2017, May 21). When a theory goes viral; intersectionality is now everywhere. Is that a good thing? The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biemiller, L. (2017, February 26). Reckoning With History; American colleges are in a position to do justice to their own history of entanglement with slavery. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Broadhurst, C. J., & Velez, A. L. (2019). Historical and contemporary contexts of student activism in US higher education. In L. D. Morgan & C. H. F. Davis III (Eds.), Student activism, politics, and campus climate in higher education. (pp. 3–20) New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brooms, D. R., & Perry, A. R. (2016). “It’s simply because we’re black men” black men’s experiences and responses to the killing of black men. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 24, 166–184. doi:10.1177/1060826516641105
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. (2017a, April 23). ‘I don’t want to back down.’ The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. (2017b, March 19). In a polarized climate, free-speech warriors seize the spotlight. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Cheong, P. H., Edwards, R., Goulbourne, H., & Solomos, J. (2007). Immigration, social cohesion and social capital: A critical review. Critical Social Policy, 27(1), 24–49. doi:10.1177/0261018307072206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chon, M. G., & Park, H. (2019). Social media activism in the digital age: Testing an integrative model of activism on contentious issues. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, doi:10.1177/1077699019835896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapham, D., Kemp, P., & Smith, S. J. (1990). Housing as social policy. In D. Clapham, P. Kemp, & S. J. Smith (Eds.), Housing and social policy (pp. 21–55). London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Coates, T. (2015). Between the world and me (1st ed.). New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design. Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dan, V., & Iorgoveanu, A. (2013). Still on the beaten path: How gender impacted the coverage of male and female Romanian candidates for European office. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18, 208–233. doi:10.1177/1940161212473508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, III, C. H., Deil-Amen, R., Rios-Aguilar, C., & Gonzalez Canche, M. S. (2012). Social media in higher education: A literature review and research directions. Claremont, CA: University of Arizona and Claremont Graduate University.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, C. III. (2019). Student activism, resource mobilization, and new tactical repertoires in the ‘digital age.’ In L. D. Morgan & C. H. F. Davis III (Eds.), Student activism, politics, and campus climate in higher education. (pp. 112–124) New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DeLaure, M. B. (2011). Remembering the sit-ins: Performing public memory at Greensboro’s International Civil Rights Center and Museum. Liminalities: A Journal of Performance Studies, 7(2), 1–28. Retrieved from http://liminalities.net/7-2/ICRCM.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N., Mulderrig, J., & Wodak, R. (2011). Critical discourse analysis. In T. A. Van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction (pp. 357–378). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2008). The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the college de France, 1978–1979. (M. Senellart, Trans.). New York, NY: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, J. H., & Higggonbotham, E. B. (2011). From slavery to freedom: A history of African Americans. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20. doi:10.1080/713701144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson, W. (1992). The social psychology of collective action. In A. Morris & C. McClurg Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garza, A., Cullors, P., & Tometi, O. (2019). What we believe. Black lives matter. Retrieved from https://blacklivesmatter.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Gluckman, N. (2017, September 19). How a college aims to breed activists with keen eyes on identity politics. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (2017, April 26). Intimidation is the new normal on campus; from now on, any speaker who arouses a protest is at risk of a beating. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• J.O. (2017). Formally recognize black lives matter as a terrorist organization. The white house. Retrieved from https://petitions.whitehouse.gov/petition/formally-recognize-black-lives-matter-terrorist-organization
   Google Scholar
• Kelderman, E. (2017, February 28). HBCU leaders bring a message to Washington; Roslyn artis, president, Florida Memorial U. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Kezar, A. J., & Eckel, P. D. (2002). The effect of institutional culture on change strategies in higher education: Universal principles or culturally responsive concepts? The Journal of Higher Education, 73(4), 435–460. doi:10.1080/00221546.2002.11777159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khondker, H. H. (2011). Role of the new media in the Arab Spring. Globalizations, 8(5), 675–679. doi:10.1080/14747731.2011.621287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knott, K. (2017, January 15). Blue bubble in a red state. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Kolowich, S. (2017, October 27). A Radical college’s public meltdown; how a season of racial protests turned evergreen state college’s self-examination into a national spectacle. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Laurent, O. (2016, July 12). Meet the photographer behind Baton Rouge’s iconic protest image. Time Magazine. Retrieved from http://time.com/
   Google Scholar
• Lotan, G., Graeff, E., Ananny, M., Gaffney, D., & Pearce, I. (2011). The Arab spring: The revolutions were tweeted: Information flows during the 2011 Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions. International Journal of Communication, 5, 31. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1246/643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangan, K. (2017a, April 19). A white supremacist comes to auburn; the university tried to block Richard Spencer’s talk. A judge said it could not. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Mangan, K. (2017b, October 5). After a speaker is shouted down, William & Mary becomes new flash point in free-speech fight. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J., & Wolfson, M. (1992). Consensus movements, conflict movements, and the cooptation of civic and state infrastructures. In A. D. Morris & C. McClurg Mueller (Eds.), Frontiers in social movement theory. (pp. 273–297) New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mendés, J., & Chang, A. (2019). Undocumented and Afraid: Expanding the definition of student activism. In L. D. Morgan & C. H. F. Davis III (Eds.), Student activism, politics, and campus climate in higher education. (pp. 60–76) New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O’Rourke, S. P. (2012). Circulation and noncirculation of photographic texts in the civil rights movement: A case study of the rhetoric of control. Rhetoric & Public Affairs, 15(4), 685–694. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41940631
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M. (2017a, April 23). Reframing ‘black lives matter’; Christopher J. Lebron seeks to set the movement on firmer conceptual ground. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M. (2017b, March 19). A Christian conservative professor accuses colleges of indoctrinating students. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M. (2017c, March 2). Stained by slavery; how Craig Steven Wilder exposed higher education’s past. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Parry, M. (2017d, November 14). The scholars behind the quest for reparations. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Paul, V., Singh, P., & John, S. B. (2013). Role of mass media in social awareness. International Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences, 1, 34–38. Retrieved from http://giapjournals.com/index.php/hssr/article/view/hssr115
   Google Scholar
• Porta, D. D., & Diani, M. (2006). Second edition social movements: An introduction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. A. (1998). Student protest and multicultural reform: Making sense of campus unrest in the 1990s. The Journal of Higher Education, 69(6), 621–646. doi:10.2307/2649211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russello Ammon, F. (2017, July 30). How the government segregated America. Washington, DC: The Chronicle of Higher Education Inc. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar
• Saltmarsh, J., & Hartley, M. (Eds.). (2011). “To serve a larger purpose”: Engagement for democracy and the transformation of higher education. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. (2013). Black Twitter: Racial hashtags, networks and contagion. New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics, 78, 46–64. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Shin, J. C., Kim, H. H., & Choi, H. S. (2014). The evolution of student activism and its influence on tuition fees in South Korean universities. Studies in Higher Education, 39(3), 441–454. doi:10.1080/03075079.2014.896180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., & Ross, K. (1996). Women MPs and the media: Representing the body politic. Parliamentary Affairs, 49(1), 103–116. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a028661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, R. (1995). Black deprivation-white privilege: The assault on affirmative action. The Black Scholar, 25(3), 2–6. doi:10.1080/00064246.1995.11430732
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stensaker, B., & Vabo, A. (2013). Re‐inventing shared governance: Implications for organisational culture and institutional leadership. Higher Education Quarterly, 67(3), 256–274. doi:10.1080/00064246.1995.11430732
   Google Scholar
• The Chronicle of Higher Education. (2018). More information. Washington, DC. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/page/The-Chronicle-of-Higher/609.
   Google Scholar
• Trimble, L., Wagner, A., Sampert, S., Raphael, D., & Gerrits, B. (2013). Is it personal? Gendered mediation in newspaper coverage of Canadian National Party leadership contests, 1975–2012. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(4), 462–481. doi:10.1177/1940161213495455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke, N. (2003). Crossing movement boundaries: factors that facilitate coalition protest by American college students,1930–1990. Social Problems, 50(2), 226–250.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A. (2019). From Rehearsal to Performance. In L. D. Morgan & C. H. F. Davis III (Eds.), Student activism, politics, and campus climate in higher education (pp. 127–142). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zamudio-Saurez, F. (2017). What could Middlebury have done to avoid a free-speech fracas? The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/
   Google Scholar