References
- Adams, H. H. (1979). African observers of the universe:The Sirius question. Journal of African Civilizations, 1(2), 1–20.
- Addo, F. R., Houle, J. N., & Simon, D. (2016). Young, Black, and (still) in the red: Parental wealth, race, and student loan debt. Race and Social Problems, 8(1), 64–76. Race and Social Problems,
- American Institute of Physics (2019, October 22). Trump Reconstitutes the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Retrieved from: https://www.aip.org/fyi/2019/trump-reconstitutes-president%E2%80%99s-council-advisors-science-and-technology
- Anderson, S. E. (1970). Mathematics and the struggle for Black liberation. The Black Scholar, 2(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.1970.11430993
- Asante, M., & Asante, K. (1983). Great Zimbabwe: An ancient African city-state. Journal of African Civilizations, 5(1/2), 84–91.
- Baber, L. D. (2015). Considering the interest-convergence dilemma in STEM education. The Review of Higher Education, 38(2), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2015.0004
- Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
- Basile, V., & Lopez, E. (2015). And still I see no changes: Enduring views of students of color in science and mathematics education policy reports. Science Education, 99(3), 519–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21156
- BBC News. (2019, May 2). Ella Kissi-Debrah: New inquest into girl's 'pollution' death. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-48132490
- Blaisdell, B. (2016). Schools as racial spaces: Understanding and resisting structural racism. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(2), 248–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2015.1023228
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316
- Charleston, L., Adserias, R., Lang, N., & Jackson, J. (2014). Intersectionality and STEM: The role of race and gender in the academic pursuits of African American women in STEM. Journal of Progressive Policy & Practice, 2, 273–293.
- Check Hayden, E. (2015). Racial bias continues to haunt NIH grants. Nature, 527(7578), 286–287. https://doi.org/10.1038/527286a
- Choi, J. H., Goodman, L. (2018, November 20). What explains the homeownership gap between black and white young adults? Urban Wire: Housing and Housing Finance. Urban Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/what-explains-homeownership-gap-between-black-and-white-young-adults
- Clauset, A., Arbesman, S., & Larremore, D. B. (2015). Systematic inequality and hierarchy in faculty hiring networks. Science Advances, 1(1), e1400005.
- Dennis, R. M. (1995). Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race. The Journal of Negro Education, 64(3), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.2307/2967206
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). Does the Negro need separate schools? The Journal of Negro Education, 4(3), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2291871
- Ehret, C. (2002). The civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville, VI: University of Virginia Press.
- Elfman, L. (2018). April 19). Black intellectuals tasked with forging connections. Retrieved from: https://diverseeducation.com/article/114726/
- Estrada, S. (2017). August 14). David Duke to Trump: “Remember it was White Americans who put you in the presidency.” Retrieved from: https://www.diversityinc.com/david-duke-trump-remember-white-americans-put-presidency/
- Estrada, M., Burnett, M., Campbell, A. G., Campbell, P. B., Denetclaw, W. F., Gutiérrez, C. G., Hurtado, S., John, G. H., Matsui, J., McGee, R., Okpodu, C. M., Robinson, T. J., Summers, M. F., Werner-Washburne, M., & Zavala, M. (2016). Improving underrepresented minority student persistence in STEM. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 15(3), es5. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-01-0038
- Favors, J. M. (2019). Shelter in a time of storm: How Black colleges fostered generations of leadership and activism. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press Books.
- Fleming, C. M. (2018). How to be less stupid about race: On racism, White supremacy, and the racial divide. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Funk, C., Parker, K. (2018). Diversity in the STEM workforce varies widely across jobs. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/diversity-in-the-stem-workforce-varies-widely-across-jobs/
- Gerrard, M. (2020, March 31). Silencing science tracker. Columbia University, Sabin Center for Climate Change. Retrieved from: https://climate.law.columbia.edu/Silencing-Science-Tracker
- Ginther, D. K., Schaffer, W. T., Schnell, J., Masimore, B., Liu, F., Haak, L. L., & Kington, R. (2011). Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science (New York, N.Y.), 333(6045), 1015–1019.
- Giuliani, D., Ajadi, S. (2019, July 19). 618 active tech hubs: The backbone of Africa’s tech ecosystem. GSMA. Retrieved from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/blog/618-active-techhubs-the-backbone-of-africas-tech-ecosystem/
- Graef, A. (2018, January 15). Trump: “I am not a racist.” Retrieved from: https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/14/politics/donald-trump-racist/index.html
- Green, P. E. (2003). Theory, praxis, and community service: Cornerstones of political, social, and intellectual achievement in Black America. Peabody Journal of Education, 78(2), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327930PJE7802_05
- Guthrie, S., Rincon, D. R., McInroy, G., Ioppolo, B., & Gunashekar, S. (2019). Measuring bias, burden and conservatism in research funding processes. F1000Research, 8(851), 851–859. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19156.1
- Gutiérrez, R. (2018). When mathematics teacher educators come under attack. Mathematics Teacher Educator, 6(2), 68–74. https://doi.org/10.5951/mathteaceduc.6.2.0068
- Harper, S. R., Patton, L. D., & Wooden, O. S. (2009). Access and equity for African American students in higher education: A critical race historical analysis of policy efforts. The Journal of Higher Education, 80(4), 389–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2009.11779022
- Harris, A. (2019, March). The Trump administration really wants to cut education funding: Congress doesn’t. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/03/trump-administration-would-cut-education-budget-again/584599/
- Hoppe, T. A., Litovitz, A., Willis, K. A., Meseroll, R. A., Perkins, M. J., Hutchins, B. I., Davis, A. F., Lauer, M. S., Valantine, H. A., Anderson, J. M., & Santangelo, G. M. (2019). Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists. Science Advances, 5(10), eaaw7238. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw7238
- Houle, J. N., & Addo, F. R. (2019). Racial disparities in student debt and the reproduction of the fragile Black middle class. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 5(4), 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649218790989
- Hrabowski, F. A. III, (2018). Broadening participation in American higher education: A special focus on the underrepresentation of African Americans in STEM disciplines. The Journal of Negro Education, 87, 99–109.
- Huber, L. P. (2016). Make America great again: Donald Trump, racist nativism and the virulent adherence to White supremacy amid US demographic change. Charleston Law Review, 10, 215–248.
- Inglehart, R. F., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Jackson, B. A., & Reynolds, J. R. (2013). The price of opportunity: Race, student loan debt, and college achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(3), 335–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12012
- Joseph, G. G. (2010). The crest of the peacock: Non-European roots of mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Kaleem, J. (2018, July 3). Trump administration rescinds Obama-era policies encouraging affirmative action and backs race-neutral school admissions. Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-affirmative-action-20180703-story.html
- Keaton, J., Cheng, M. (2020, Apr 15). WHO, allies lament Trump cut to US funding as virus rages. AP News. Retrieved from: https://apnews.com/article/bill-gates-asia-pacific-europe-china-travelf49b0be2bca44de0bf045cdaa95b69c6
- Killick, D. (2015). Invention and innovation in African iron-smelting technologies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 25(01), 307–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774314001176
- Krupp, E. C. (2003). Echoes of the ancient skies: The astronomy of lost civilizations. Chelmsford, MA: Courier Corporation.
- Lukachko, A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Keyes, K. M. (2014). Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 103, 42–50.
- Manning, M. (2000). Black studies and the racial mountain. Souls: Critical Journal of Black Politics & Culture, 2(3), 17–36.
- Martin, D. B. (2009). Researching race in mathematics education. Teachers College Record, 111, 295–338.
- McGee, E. O. (2019). "Mentoring underrepresented students in STEMM: Why do identities matter?" In A. Byars-Winston & M. L. Dahlberg (Eds.), National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The science of effective mentorship in STEMM. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25568/the-science-of-effective-mentorship-in-stemm
- McGee, E. O., Naphan-Kingery, D. E., Mustafaa, F., Houston, S., Botchway, P., & Lynch, J. (2019). Turned Off from an Academic Career while in the Academy: Doctoral Engineering Students and the Reasons Behind their Dissuasion. International Journal of Doctoral Studies, 14, 277–305. http://ijds.org/Volume14/IJDSv14p277-305McGee5150.pdf https://doi.org/10.28945/4250
- McGee, E. O., & Bentley, L. C. (2017). The troubled success of Black women in STEM. Cognition and Instruction, 35(4), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2017.1355211
- McGee, E. O. (2016). Devalued Black and Latino racial identities: A byproduct of college STEM culture? American Educational Research Journal, 53(6), 1626–1662. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0002831216676572?journalCode=aera https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831216676572
- McGee, E. O., & Stovall, D. O. (2016). Reimagining critical race theory in education: Mental health, healing, and the pathway to liberatory praxis. Republished as the center-piece article in the. Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy, 16, 41–60.,
- MESOC (2018). Registration and planning questionnaire. MESOC, Champaign-Urbana, IL.
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, M. A., & Saldana, J. (1994). Qualitative analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook and the coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Milner, H. R. IV, (2012). Beyond a test score: Explaining opportunity gaps in educational practice. Journal of Black Studies, 43(6), 693–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934712442539
- Moses, R. P., & Cobb, C. E. (2001). Radical equations: Math literacy and civil rights. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Mullen, B. V. (2007). Blacklist Redux: W. Eb Du Bois and the price of academic freedom. Social Text, 25(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2006-018
- Mutegi, J. W. (2019). A critical examination of the influence of systemic racism in shaping the African STEM research workforce. In E. O. Author & W. H. Robinson Diversifying STEM: Multidisciplinary perspectives on race and gender. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Retrieved from: https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/diversifying-stem/9781978805675
- National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. (2017). Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 2017. Special Report NSF 17-310. Arlington, VA. Available at www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/
- National Science Foundation (2019). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering. Washington, DC: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf19304/data
- National Science Foundation (2017). Survey of doctorate recipients: Survey year 2017. Retrieved from https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/doctoratework/2017/index.html
- National Science Foundation (2011). Women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in science and engineering. Washington, DC: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/archive-goodbye.cfm?p=www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/archives/wmpd_2011.zip
- Nhemachena, A., Hlabangane, N., & Matowanyika, J. Z. Z. (2020). Decolonising science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in an age of technocolonialism: Recentring African indigenous knowledge and belief systems. Langaa RPCIG, Cameroon.
- Nleya, S. M., & Ndlovu, S. (2020). Audit of Mathematical Concepts in Pre-colonial Africa. In A. Nhemachena & N. Hlabangane (Eds.), Decolonising Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (ST EM) in an Age of Technocolonialism: Recentring African Indigenous Knowledge and Belief Systems. (pp. 125–146). Langaa RPCIG. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10h9fqz
- O’Donnell, G. (2018, October). Trump’s tense relationship with HBCUs: Insight into diversity. Retrieved from https://www.insightintodiversity.com/trumps-tense-relationship-with-hbcus/
- Oh, S. S., Galanter, J., Thakur, N., Pino-Yanes, M., Barcelo, N. E., White, M. J., de Bruin, D. M., Greenblatt, R. M., Bibbins-Domingo, K., Wu, A. H. B., Borrell, L. N., Gunter, C., Powe, N. R., & Burchard, E. G. (2015). Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: a promise yet to be fulfilled. PLoS Medicine, 12(12), e1001918.
- Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. London, UK: Routledge.
- Parsons, E. R. C. (2008). Positionality of African Americans and a theoretical accommodation of it: Rethinking science education research. Science Education, 92(6), 1127–1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20273
- Pfeffer, F. T., & Killewald, A. (2018). Generations of advantage. Multigenerational correlations in family wealth. Social Forces, 96(4), 1411–1442. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox086
- Plummer, B., Davenport, C. (2019). December 18). Science under attack: How Trump is sidelining researchers and their work. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/28/climate/trump-administration-war-on-science.html?searchResultPosition=2&login=smartlock&auth=login-smartlock&login=email&auth=login-email&login=email&auth=login-email&login=smartlock&auth=login-smartlock
- Ridgeway, M. L., & McGee, E. O. (2018). Black Mathematics Educators: Researching toward Racial Emancipation of Black Students. The Urban Review, 50(2), 301–322. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11256-018-0452-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0452-2
- Ridgeway, M. L., & McGee, E. O. (2018). Black Mathematics Educators: Researching toward Racial Emancipation of Black Students. The Urban Review, 50(2), 301–322. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11256-018-0452-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0452-2
- Romm, T. (2017, March 31). How Donald Trump crippled U.S. technology and science policy. Vox.com. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2017/3/31/15139966/trump-white-house-technology-science-policy
- Saldaña, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Sandelowski, M. (2001). Real qualitative researchers do not count: The use of numbers in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(3), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.1025
- Scott-Clayton, J., & Li, J. (2016). Black-White disparity in student loan debt more than triples after graduation. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/black-white-disparity-in-student-loan-debt-more-than-triples-after-graduation/
- Solomon, D., Maxwell, C. (2018). January). 52 Harms in 52 Weeks: How the Trump administration hurt communities of color in 2017. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/reports/2018/01/10/444806/52-harms-52-weeks/
- Southern Poverty Law Center (2020, March 18). Methodology: How hate groups are identified and categorized. Retrieved from: https://www.splcenter.org/news/2020/03/18/methodology-how-hate-groups-are-identified-and-categorized
- Southern Poverty Law Center (2019). Hate groups increase 30 percent in four years. Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Toldson, I. A. (2017). Drivers and barriers of success for HBCU researchers submitting STEM proposals to the National Science Foundation [editor’s commentary]. The Journal of Negro Education, 86, 415–421.
- Toldson, I. A., & Preston, D. (2015). How HBCUs can get federal sponsorship from the National Science Foundation. White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
- Tsjeng, Z. (2018, March 8). The forgotten Black woman inventor who revolutionized menstrual pads. Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mb5yap/mary-beatrice-davidson-kenner-sanitary-belt
- Turk-Bicakci, L., Berger, A., & Haxton, C. (2014). The nonacademic careers of STEM PhD holders. American Institutes for Research. Retrieved from www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/STEM%20nonacademic%20careers%20April14.pdf
- Van Sertima, I. (1983). The lost sciences of Africa: An overview. Journal of African Civilizations, 5(1-2), 7–26.
- Van Sertima, I. (2020). They came before Columbus: The African presence in ancient America. African classicals. New York, NY: Penguin Random House Inc.
- Wingfield, N. (2017, November 3). The disappearing American grad student. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/03/education/edlife/american-graduate-student-stem.html
- Woo, J. H., & Choy, S. P. (2011). Merit aid for undergraduates: Trends from 1995-96 to 2007-08 [Stats in Brief, NCES 2012-160]. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
- Woodson, C. G. (2006). The mis-education of the Negro. San Francisco, CA: Book Tree.
- Yearby, R. ( (2017, December 17). The Impact of Structural Racism in Employment and Wages on Minority Women’s Health. American Bar Association. Retrieved from: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-healthcare-in-the-united-states/minority-womens-health/
- Young, J. G., (2017). Making America 1920 again? Nativism and U.S. immigration, past and present. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 217–235. 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/233150241700500111
- Zeiser, K., Kirshstein, R., & Tannenbaum, C. (2013, May 13). The price of a science PhD: Variations in student debt levels across disciplines and race/ethnicity. Center for STEM Education & Innovation at American Institutes for Research. Retrieved from https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/AIRPriceofPhDMay130.pdf