‘Embodied Selves’: The rise and development of concern for physical education, active games and recreation for american women, 1776–1865

References

• Adams Charles F. Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams With an Introductory Memoir by Her Grandson Charles Francis Adams Boston , MA Little and Brown 1841
   Google Scholar
• Alaya , Flavia . 1977 . ‘Victorian Science and the “Genius” of Women’ . Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 April–June : 261 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcott , William A. MD . 1856 . Confessions of a School Master , Reading , MA : H.A. Lantz .
   Google Scholar
• Alcott , William A. MD . 1857 . Laws of Health , Boston , MA : J.P. Jewett .
   Google Scholar
• Alcott , William A. MD . 1837 . The House I Live In, Or the Human Body , Boston , MA : Light and Stearns .
   Google Scholar
• Alcott , William A. MD . The Library of Health , 5 vols. , 1837 – 1841 . Boston , MA : George W. Light .
   Google Scholar
• Alcott , William A. MD . 1849 . The Young Woman's Guide to Excellence , Boston , MA : Charles H. Peirce .
   Google Scholar
• Alcott , William A. MD . 1850 . Young Woman's Book of Health , Boston , MA : Tappan, Whitlemore and Mason .
   Google Scholar
• Angle , Paul M. 1958 . The American Reader: From Columbus to Today , New York : Rand McNally .
   Google Scholar
• Baker Paul R. Views of Society and Manners In America Cambridge , MA Belknap Press 1963
   Google Scholar
• Barney , Elizabeth Cynthia . 1894 . ‘The American Sportswoman’ . Fortnightly Review , 56 ( 1 ) Aug. : 263 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Beecher , Catharine E. 1841 . A Treatise on Domestic Economy , Boston , MA : Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb .
   Google Scholar
• Beecher , Catharine E. 1855 . Letters to the People on Health and Happiness , New York : Harper and Bros. .
   Google Scholar
• Beecher , Catharine E. 1856 . Physiology and Calisthenics for Schools and Families , New York : Harper and Bros. .
   Google Scholar
• Beecher , Catharine E. 1829 . Suggestions Respecting Improvements in Education, Presented to the Trustees of the Hartford Female Seminary, and Published at Their Request , Hartford , CT : Packer and Butler .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , John MD . 1838 . Health and Beauty: An Explanation of the Laws of Growth and Exercise; Through which a Pleasing Contour, Symmetry of Form, and Graceful Carriage of the Body Are Acquired, and the Common Deformities of the Spine and Chest Prevented , Philadelphia , PA : E.L. Carey and A. Hart .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , Bruce L. 1973 . ‘Reaction to William Andrus Alcott, MD, Pioneer Reformer in Physical Education, 1798–1859’ . 76th Proceedings of the National College Physical Education Association for Men . Jan. 6–9 1973 . Annual Meeting .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , Mary Sumner . 1966 . Women in Eighteenth Century America: A Study of Opinion and Social Usage , New York : Kennikat Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berryman , Jack W. 1976 . ‘John Stuart Skinner and the American Farmer, 1819–1829: An Early Proponent of Rural Sports' . Associates National Agricultural Library Today , 1 ( 3 ) Oct. : 11 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Betts , John R. 1971 . ‘American Medical Thought on Exercise as the Road to Health, 1820–1860’ . Bulletin of The History of Medicine , 45 ( 2 ) March–April : 138 – 152 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Betts , John R. 1974 . America's Sporting Heritage: 1850–1950 , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Betts , John R. 1968 . ‘Mind and Body in Early American Thought’ . Journal of American History , 54 March : 787 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird , Caroline . 1976 . Enterprising Women , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell , Elizabeth . 1970 . Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women , New York : Source Book Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blackwell , Elizabeth . 1852 . The Laws of Life, With Special Reference to the Physical Education of Girls , New York : George P. Putnam .
   Google Scholar
• Blinderman , Abraham . 1975 . American Writers on Education Before 1865 , Boston , MA : Twayne Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Boston Women's Health Book Collective . 1973 . Our Bodies, Ourselves , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Branca , Patricia . 1975 . Silent Sisterhood: Middle Class Women in the Victorian Home , London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Charles Brockden . 1970 . Alcuin: A Dialogue , Edited by: Edwards , Lee R. Northampton , MA : The Gehenna Press .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , Charles MD . 1834 . Thoughts on Physical Education: Being A Discourse Delivered to a Convention of Teachers in Lexington, KY. On The 6th and 7th of November 1833 , Boston , MA : Marsh, Capen, and Lyon .
   Google Scholar
• Catt , Carrie C. and Shuler , Nettie R. 1923 . Woman Suffrage and Politics , New York : Scribners .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , David Lee . 1952 . Charles Brockden Brown , Durham , NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , Edward H. 1873 . Sex in Education: Or A Fair Chance for the Girls , Boston , MA : J.R. Osgood .
   Google Scholar
• Combe , Andrew MD . 1836 . The Principles of Physiology Applied to the Preservation of Health and to the Improvement of Physical and Mental Education , New York : Harper and Bros. .
   Google Scholar
• Conrad , Susan Phinney . 1976 . Perish the Thought: Intellectual Women in Romantic America, 1830–1860 , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cott Nancy F. Root of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Women New York E.P. Dutton 1972
   Google Scholar
• Coxe , Margaret . 1842 . Claims of the Country on American Females , Columbus , OH : Issac N. Whiting .
   Google Scholar
• Crow , Duncan . 1971 . The Victorian Woman , London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Elizabeth G . 1971 . The First Sex , New York : G.P. Putman's .
   Google Scholar
• Degler , Carl N. 1974 . ‘What Ought to Be and What Was: Women's Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century’ . American Historical Review , 79 ( 5 ) Dec.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas , Ann . 1977 . The Feminization of American Culture , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Duffin , E. W. MD . 1830 . The Influence of Modern Physical Education of Females in Producing and Confirming Deformity of the Spine , New York : Charles Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Dulles , Foster Rhea . 1965 . A History of Recreation: America Learns to Play , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Earnest , Ernest . 1974 . The American Eve in Fact and Fiction, 1775–1914 , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Finley , Ruth E. 1931 . The Lady of Godey's. Sarah Josepha Hale , Philadelphia , PA : J.B. Lippincott .
   Google Scholar
• Flexner , Eleanor . 1975 . Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States , revised edn , Cambridge , MA : Belknap .
   Google Scholar
• Fowle , William B. 1826 . ‘Gymnastic Exercise for Females’ . American Journal of Education , 1 ( 2 ) Nov. : 698 – 699 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowle , William B. 1826 . ‘The Animal Mechanism and Economy’ . Boston Medical Intelligencer , 4 ( 23 ) 24 Oct. : 196 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , Lawrence J. and Shaffer , Arthur H. 1975 . ‘Mercy Otis Warren and the Politics of Historical Nationalism’ . The New England Quarterly , 47 ( 2 ) June : 194 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller , Margaret . 1874 . Life Without and Life Within, or Reviews, Narratives, Essays and Poems , Boston , MA : Roberts Bros. .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , Margaret . 1843 . ‘The Great Lawsuit: Man versus Men, Woman versus Women’ . The Dial , 5 ( 1 ) July : 1 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , Margaret . 1860 . Woman in the Nineteenth Century and Kindred Papers Relating to the Sphere, Condition and Duties of Woman , Edited by: Fuller , Arthur R. Boston , MA : Taggard and Close .
   Google Scholar
• Gerber , Ellen W. , Jan , Felshin , Pearl , Berlin and Waneen , Wyrick . 1974 . The American Woman in Sport , Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , Nathan G. 1934 . Benjamin Rush: Physician and Citizen, 1746–1813 , Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodsell Willystine Pioneers of Women's Education in the United States: Emma Willard, Catharine Beecher, Mary Lyon New York McGraw-Hill 1931
   Google Scholar
• Gould Carol C. Mark W. Wartofsky Women and Philosophy: Toward A Theory of Liberation New York G.P. Putnam's 1976
   Google Scholar
• Goulianos Joan By A Woman Writ: Literature from Six Centuries By and About Women Baltimore , MD Penguin Books 1974
   Google Scholar
• Grattan , Thomas Colley . 1859 . Civilized America , London : Bradbury and Evans .
   Google Scholar
• Grimke , Sarah . 1838 . Letters On the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman , New York : Burt Franklin . (repr. 1970)
   Google Scholar
• Gurko , Mariam . 1974 . The Ladies of Seneca Falls: The Birth of the Woman's Rights Movement , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Hackensmith , Charles W. 1966 . History of Physical Education , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Hackensmith , Charles W. 1967 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects , Edited by: Wollstonecraft , Mary . New York : Norton and Company, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , Gustavus . 1827 . The Elements of Gymnastics for Boys, and of Calisthenics for Young Ladies , London : Poole and Edwards .
   Google Scholar
• Hammer Signe Women: Body and Culture New York Harper and Row 1975
   Google Scholar
• Higginson , Thomas W. 1885 . Margaret Fuller Ossoli , Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• James, Edward T., Janet Wilson James and Paul S. Boyer eds. Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971: 110–114
   Google Scholar
• Kraditor , Aileen . The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement: 1890–1920 , 1965 – 1912 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lansing Marion Mary Lyon through Her Letters Boston , MA Books Inc. 1937
   Google Scholar
• Laver , James . 1966 . Manners and Morals in the Age of Optimism: 1848–1914 , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Leonard , Fred E. 1915 . Pioneers of Modern Physical Training , New York : Association Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lerner , Gerda . 1977 . The Female Experience: An American Documentary , Indianapolis , IN : Bobbs-Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , Dio . 1862 . ‘New Gymnastics’ . [Barnard's] American Journal of Education , 27 June : 531 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , Dio . 1868 . The New Gymnastics , Boston , MA : Ticknor and Fields .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , Alma . 1940 . Created Equal: A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815–1902 , New York : John Day .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , Alma . 1964 . Emma Willard: Pioneer Educator of American Women , Boston , MA : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• ‘M’ . 1831 . A Course of Calisthenics for Young Ladies In Schools and Families, With Some Remarks on Physical Education , Hartford , CT : H. and F.J. Huntington .
   Google Scholar
• MacLean , Sydney R. 1971 . “ ‘Zilpha Polly Grant’ ” . In Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary , Edited by: James , Edward T. 73 – 75 . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , Wendy . 1972 . The American Sisterhood: Writings on the Feminist Movement from Colonial Times to the Present , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Martineau , Harriet . 1837 . Society in America , New York : Sanders and Otley .
   Google Scholar
• Martineau , Harriet . 1850 . ‘How to Make Home Unhealthy’ . Harper's Monthly , 1 Oct. : 601 – 619 .
   Google Scholar
• Mather , Hannah Crocker . 1818 . Observations on the Real Rights of Women, With Their Appropriate Duties Agreeable to the Scripture, Reason and Common Sense , Boston , MA : Printed for the author .
   Google Scholar
• Merriam , Eve . 1971 . Growing Up Female in America , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , Paul R. 1973 . ‘William Andrus Alcott, MD: Pioneer Reformer in Physical Education, 1798–1859’ . 76th Proceedings of the National College Physical Education Association for Men . Jan. 6–9 1973 . pp. 29 – 34 . Annual Meeting
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , William . 1969 . Everyone Was Brave: The Rise and Fall of Feminism in America , Chicago : Quadrangle Books .
   Google Scholar
• Park , Roberta J. 1974 . ‘Concern for the Physical Education of the Female Sex From 1675 to 1800 in France, England and Spain’ . Research Quarterly , 95 ( 2 ) May : 104 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Park , Roberta J. 1974 . ‘Harmony and Cooperation: Attitudes toward Physical Education and Recreation in Utopian Social Thought and American Communitarian Experiments, 1825–1865’ . Research Quarterly , 45 ( 3 ) Oct. : 276 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , Roberta J. 1977 . ‘The Attitudes of Leading New England Transcendentalists toward Healthful Exercise, Active Recreations and Proper Care of the Body: 1830–1860’ . Journal of Sport History , 4 ( 1 ) Spring : 34 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parrington , Vernon L. 1927 . The Romantic Revolution in America, 1800–1860 , New York : Harcourt, Brace and World .
   Google Scholar
• Riegel , Robert E. 1963 . American Feminists , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , Harriet J.H. 1881 . Massachusetts in the Woman's Suffrage Movement , Boston , MA : Roberts Bros. .
   Google Scholar
• Rossi Alice S. The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir New York Columbia University Press 1973
   Google Scholar
• Rowbotham , Sheila . 1976 . Hidden From History: Rediscovering Women in History From The Seventeenth Century to the Present , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Runes , Dagobert D. 1947 . The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush , New York : Philosophical Library .
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr . 1945 . The Age of Jackson , Boston , MA : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Schneir Mariam Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings New York Random House 1972
   Google Scholar
• Shryock , Richard H. 1960 . Medicine and Society in America: 1660–1860 , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shryock , Richard H. 1966 . Medicine in America: Historical Essays , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins .
   Google Scholar
• Sigourney , Lydia H. 1837 . Letters to Young Ladies , New York : Harper and Bros. .
   Google Scholar
• Sklar , Kathryn K. 1973 . Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Frank . 1930 . ‘The Authorship of “An Occasional Letter on the Female Sex”’ . American Literature , 2 ( 3 ) Nov. : 277 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Page . 1970 . Daughters of the Promised Land: Women in American History , Boston , MA : Little Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Rosenburg , Caroll and Rosenburg , Charles . 1973 . ‘The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Women and her Role in Nineteenth Century America’ . Journal of American History , 40 Sept.
   Google Scholar
• Spears , Betty and Swanson , Richard . 1978 . History of Sport and Physical Education in the United States , Dubuque , IA : Wm. C. Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton , Elizabeth Cady . 1882 . ‘The Health of American Women’ . North American Review , 313 : 510 – 517 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanton Elizabeth Cady Susan B. Anthony Matitda J. Gage History of Woman Suffrage Rochester , NY Charles Mann 1887
   Google Scholar
• Stanton Theodore Blatch Harriot Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton, As Revealed In Her Letters, Diary and Reminiscences New York Harper and Bros 1922
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , Eleanor W. 1947 . Education for Ladies: 1830–1860 , New York : King's Crown Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ulrich , Laurel Thatcher . Spring 1976 . ‘Vertuous Woman Found: New England Ministerial Literature, 1668–1735’ . American Quarterly , 28 ( 1 ) : 20 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertinsky , Patricia A. 1976 . ‘The Effect of Changing Attitudes Toward Sexual Morality on Physical Education for Women in Nineteenth Century America’ . Canadian Journal of History of Sport and Physical Education , 7 ( 2 ) Dec. : 26 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Voarino , Signor . 1827 . Treatise on Calisthenic Exercises, Arranged for the Private Tuition of Young Ladies , London : N. Hailes .
   Google Scholar
• Vicinus Martha Suffer and Be Still: Women 1n the Victorian Age Bloomington , IN Indiana University Press 1972
   Google Scholar
• Warren , John MD . 1846 . Physical Education and the Preservation of Health , Boston , MA : William D. Ticknor .
   Google Scholar
• Welter , Barbara . Summer 1966 . ‘The Cult of True Womanhood, 1820–1860’ . American Quarterly , 18 ( 2 ) : 151 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , Arthur . 1962 . The Making of American Physical Education , New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Whorton , James C. Winter 1975 . ‘Christian Physiology: William Alcott's Prescription for the Millennium’ . Bulletin of The History of Medicine , 49 ( 4 ) : 466 – 481 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willard , Emma . 1918 . A Plan for Improving Female Education (reprint of 2nd edn of 1819) , Middlebury , VT : Middlebury College .
   Google Scholar
• Wollstonecraft , Mary . 1792 . A Vindication of the Rights of Woman With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects , London : J. Johnson .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , Ann Douglas . 1974 . “ ‘The Fashionable Diseases: Women's Complaints and their Treatment in Nineteenth Century America’ ” . In Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives On the History of Women , Edited by: Hartman , Mary and Banner , Lois W. New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Woody , Thomas . 1929 . A History of Women's Education In the United States , New York : The Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , Frances . 1829 . Course of Popular Lectures , New York : Published at the Office of the Free Enquirer .
   Google Scholar