Advanced search
Publication Cover
The International Journal of the History of Sport Volume 24, 2007 - Issue 12: Gender, Sport, Science: Selected Writings of Roberta J. Park
Submit an article Journal homepage
453
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Science, service, and the professionalization of physical education: 1885–1905

Roberta J. ParkCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 1674-1700 | Published online: 20 Nov 2007

References

  • Anderson , William G. 1899 . ‘Studies in the Effects of Physical Training’ . American Physical Education Review , 4 Sept. : 265 – 280 .
  • Anderson , William G. ‘Effect of Certain Exercises Upon the Pulse Rate’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education. Chicago, 1893 . pp. 38 – 43 . New Haven , CT : Clarence H. Ryder .
  • Atwater , Edward A. 1978 . ‘Squeezing Mother Nature: Experimental Physiology in the United States before 1870’ . Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 52 Fall : 313 – 335 .
  • Barbour , Ralph H. 1900 . For the Honour of the School , New York : D. Appleton .
  • Beecher , Catharine E. 1856 . Physiology and Calisthenics for Schools and Families , New York : Harper and Bros. .
  • Bennett , Bruce Lanyon . 1947 . “ ‘The Life of Dudley Allen Sargent, MD, and his Contribution to Physical Education’ ” . University of Michigan . PhD diss
  • Bledstein , Burton . 1976 . The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America , New York : W.W. Norton .
  • Boas , Franz . 1901 . ‘Statistical Study of Anthropometry’ . American Physical Education Review , 6 June : 174 – 180 .
  • Boas , Franz and Wissler , Clark . 1905 . “ ‘Statistics of Growth’ ” . In Report of the US Commissioner of Education for 1904 , 25 – 132 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Bowen , Wilbur P. 1903 . ‘Conditions Determining the Rapidity of the Pulse During Exercise’ . American Physical Education Review , 8 March : 8 – 15 .
  • Bowen , Wilbur P. 1903 . ‘The Influence of Muscular Work on the Rate of the Pulse’ . American Physical Education Review , 8 Dec. : 232 – 236 .
  • Bowen , Wilbur P. 1902 . The Action of Muscles in Bodily Movement and Posture , Springfield , MA : F.A. Bassette Co. .
  • Boyd , Edith . 1980 . Origins of the Study of Human Growth , Eugene , OR : Child Study Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of Oregon Health Service Centre .
  • Brooks George A. Perspectives on the Academic Discipline of Physical Education: A Tribute to G. Lawrence Rarick Champaign , IL Human Kinetics Publishers 1981
  • Burke , Frederic . 1898 . ‘Growth of Children in Height and Weight’ . American Journal of Psychology , 9 April : 253 – 326 .
  • Carpenter , William B. 1872 . ‘The Unconscious Action of the Brain’ . Popular Science Monthly , 1 Sept. : 560
  • Cassedy , James H. 1984 . American Medicine and Statistical Thinking: 1800–1860 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Cavallo , Dominick . 1982 . Muscles and Morals: Organized Playgrounds and Urban Reform, 1880–1920 , Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Coleman , William . 1977 . Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Cowan , Ruth Schwarz . 1977 . “ ‘Nature and Nurture: The Interplay of Biology and Politics in the Work of Francis Galton’ ” . In Studies in the History of Biology , Edited by: Coleman , William and Lemoges , Camille . Vol. 1 , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Crampton , Ward C. 1905 . ‘Blood Pressure’ . American Physical Education Review , 10 Dec. : 275 – 283 .
  • Daston , Lorraine J. 1978 . ‘British Responses to Psycho-Physiology, 1860–1900’ . Isis , 69 : 192 – 208 .
  • De Marrais , Robert . 1974 . ‘The Double-Edged Effect of Sir Francis Galton: A Search for the Motives in the Biometrician-Mendelian Debate’ . Journal of the History of Biology , 7 Spring : 141 – 174 .
  • Draper Andrew S. Draper's Self Culture 6 New York Twentieth Century Self Culture Association 1907
  • Dyer , Thomas G. 1980 . Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race , Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press .
  • Enebuske , Cläes . 1893 . “ ‘An Anthropometrical Study of the Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women’ ” . In Publications of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 3 , 588 – 610 . Boston , MA : W.J. Schofield .
  • Enebuske , Cläes . ‘Some Measurable Results of Swedish Pedagogical Gymnastics’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Philadelphia, 1892 . pp. 207 – 235 . Springfield , MA : Press of Springfield Printing and Binding .
  • Fancher , Raymond E. 1979 . Pioneers of Psychology , New York : W.W. Norton .
  • Farber , Paul L. 1982 . ‘The Transformation of Natural History in the Nineteenth Century’ . Journal of the History of Biology , 15 Spring : 145 – 152 .
  • Fellman , Anita C. and Fellman , Michael . 1981 . Making Sense of Self: Medical Advice Literature in Late Nineteenth Century America , Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Ferrier , David . 1876 . The Functions of the Brain , London : Smith, Elder .
  • Fitz , George W. ‘Psychological Aspects of Exercises With and Without Apparatus’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Chicago, 1893 . pp. 14 – 19 . New Haven , CT : Clarence H. Ryder .
  • Fitz , George W. ‘What Nervous Tests Shall we Use to Complete the Picture of an Individual?’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, New York, 1895 . pp. 98 – 104 . Concord , NH : Republican Press Association .
  • Fitz , George W. 1905 . ‘Editorial Note and Comment’ . American Physical Education Review , 10 March : 61 – 64 .
  • Fitz , George W. 1906 . ‘Editorial Note and Comment’ . American Physical Education Review , 11 March : 35 – 36 .
  • Flexner, Abraham and Pritchett, Henry S. Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. New York: The Foundation, 1910
  • Foster , Michael . 1878 . A Text Book of Physiology , London : Macmillan .
  • Fowler , Orson S. 1851 . Physiology, Animal and Mental: Applied to the Preservation and Restoration of Health of Body, and Power of Mind , New York : Fowler and Wells .
  • French , Richard D. 1971 . “ ‘Some Problems and Sources in the Foundations of Modern Physiology in Great Britain’ ” . In History of Science , Edited by: Crombie , A. C. and Haskill , M. A. Cambridge : W. Heffer & Sons .
  • Geison , Gerald L. 1979 . “ ‘Divided We Stand: Physiologists and Clinicians in the American Context’ ” . In The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine , Edited by: Vogel , Morris J. and Rosenberg , Charles E. 67 – 90 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Gould , Stephen J. 1981 . The Mismeasure of Man , New York : W.W. Norton .
  • Greene , John C. 1977 . ‘Darwin as a Social Evolutionist’ . Journal of the History of Biology , 10 Spring : 1 – 27 .
  • Greene , John C. 1981 . Science, Ideology and World View: Essays in the History of Evolutionary Ideas , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Gulick , Luther H. ‘Physical Education: A New Profession’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Cambridge and Boston, 1890 . Ithaca , NY : Andrus & Church .
  • Gunn , John C. 1867 . New Family Physician: Or, Home Book of Health , Cincinnati , OH : Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin .
  • Haley , Bruce . 1978 . The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Hall , G. Stanley . 1908 . Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education , Vol. 1 , New York : D. Appleton .
  • Hanna , Delphine . 1893 . ‘Anthropometric Table, Compiled from the Measurements of 1600 Women [Oberlin students], Department of Physical Training, Oberlin College’ Oberlin , OH
  • Harris , William T. ‘Physical Training’ . Physical Training: A Full Report of the Papers and Discussions of the Conference Held in Boston in November 1899 . Boston , MA : Press of George H. Ellis . edited by Isabel Barrows
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1887 . ‘On the Physiology of Exercise’ . Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , 31 March : 297 – 302 .
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1887 . ‘On the Physiology of Exercise’ . Boston Medical and Surgical Journal , 7 April : 321 – 324 .
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1889 . “ ‘The Nature of Physical Training, and the Best Means of Securing its Ends’ ” . In Physical Training: A Full Report of the Papers and Discussions of the Conference Held in Boston in November 1889 , Edited by: Barrows , Isabel . Boston , MA : Press of George H. Ellis .
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1893 . “ ‘A Preliminary Report on Anthropometry in the United States’ ” . In Publications of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 3 , 554 – 555 . Boston , MA : W.J. Schofield .
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1896 . ‘Editorial Notes and Comment’ . American Physical Education Review , 1 Sept.–Dec. : 109 – 112 .
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1899 . “ ‘The Nature of Physical Training, and the Best Means of Securing its Ends’ ” . In Physical Training: A Full Report of the Papers and Discussions of the Conference Held in Boston in November 1889 , Edited by: Barrows , Isabel . Boston , MA : Press of George H. Ellis .
  • Hartwell , Edward M. 1905 . “ ‘On Physical Training’ ” . In Report of the Commissioner of Education for the Year 1903 , Vol. 1 , Washington , DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Haskell , Thomas . 1977 . The Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
  • Hastings , William W. 1901 . ‘The Propaganda of Physical Education throughout a State’ . American Physical Education Review , 6 Dec. : 271 – 288 .
  • Hastings , William W. 1902 . A Manual for Physical Measurements for Use in Normal Schools, Public and Preparatory Schools, Boys' Clubs, Girls' Clubs, and Young Men's Christian Associations, With Anthropometric Tables for Each Height of Each Age and Sex from Five to Twenty Years, and Vitality Coefficients , Springfield , MA : International YMCA Training School .
  • Henry , Franklin M. 1978 . ‘The Academic Discipline of Physical Education’ . Quest , 29 Winter : 13 – 29 .
  • Hitchcock , Edward . 1887 . The Need for Anthropometry and How to Make It Available , Brooklyn , NY : Rome Brothers .
  • Hitchcock , Edward and Seelye , H. H. 1889 . An Anthropometric Manual, Giving the Average and Mean Physical Measurements and Tests of Male College Students, and Methods of Securing Them , Amherst , MA : J.E. Williams .
  • Hough , Theodore . 1902 . ‘Ergographic Studies in Muscular Soreness’ . American Physical Education Review , 7 March : 1 – 17 .
  • Hough , Theodore . 1900 . ‘The Physiological Significance of the Flow of the Lymph and its Relation to Muscular Exercise’ . American Physical Education Review , 5 June : 133 – 141 .
  • Hughes , Thomas . 1882 . Tom Brown at Oxford , New York : Macmillan .
  • Jacyna , L. S. 1982 . ‘Somatic Theories of Mind and the Interests of Medicine in Britain, 1850–1879’ . Medical History , 26 July : 255 – 256 .
  • Judd , Charles H. 1901 . ‘Action as a Condition of Mental Growth’ . American Physical Education Review , 6 Sept. : 199 – 203 .
  • Kellogg , J. H. ‘The Value of Strength Tests in the Prescription of Exercise, and a Comparative Study of the Strength of Individual Groups of Muscles, and of the Homologous Muscles, in Men and Women’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, New York, 1895 . pp. 49 – 77 . Concord , NH : Republican Press Association .
  • Kohlstedt , Sally Gregory . 1976 . The Formation of the American Scientific Community: The Association for the Advancement of Science , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
  • Kroll , Walter P. 1982 . Graduate Study and Research in Physical Education , Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics Publishers .
  • Lee , Mabel and Bennett , Bruce L. 1960 . ‘75 Years of the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: A Time of Gymnastics and Measurement, 1885–1900’ . Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation , 31 April : 26 – 33 .
  • Leonard , Fred E. and Affleck , George B. 1947 . A Guide to the History of Physical Education , Philadelphia , PA : Lea and Febiger .
  • Lewes , George H. 1864 . The Physiology of Common Life , New York : D. Appleton .
  • Lewis , Guy M. 1969 . ‘Adoption of the Sports Program, 1906–1939: The Role of Accommodation in the Transformation of Physical Education’ . Quest , 12 May : 34 – 46 .
  • Lincoln , D. F. ‘Anthropometry Individualized’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, New York, 1895 . pp. 4 – 11 . Concord , NH : Republican Press Association .
  • Lombard , Warren P. 1903 . ‘The Action of Two-Joint Muscles’ . American Physical Education Review , 8 Sept. : 141 – 145 .
  • Lombroso , Cesare . 1887 . L'Homme Criminal , Paris : F. Alcan .
  • Lovett , Robert W. 1900 . ‘The Mechanics of Lateral Curvature of the Spine’ . American Physical Education Review , 5 Sept. : 252 – 267 .
  • Lukens , Herman T. 1899 . ‘Mental Fatigue’ . American Physical Education Review , 4 March : 19 – 29 .
  • Lukens , Herman T. 1899 . ‘Mental Fatigue’ . American Physical Education Review , 4 June : 121 – 135 .
  • McCurdy , James H. 1901 . ‘The Effect of Maximum Muscular Effort on Blood-Pressure’ . American Physical Education Review , 6 Sept. : 231 – 244 .
  • McCurdy , James H. 1905 . ‘A Study of the Characteristics of Physical Training in the Public Schools of the United States' . American Physical Education Review , 10 Sept. : 202 – 213 .
  • McKenzie , R. Tait . 1910 . Exercise in Education and Medicine , Philadelphia , PA : W.C. Saunders .
  • Mainx , Felix . 1955 . Foundations of Biology , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Marey, Etienne-Jules. Animal Mechanism: A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial Locomotion. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1874
  • Messenger , Christian K. 1981 . Sport and the Spirit of Play in American Fiction , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Monroe Will S. Encyclopedia of Educational Research New York Macmillan 1950
  • Moore , George . 1847 . The Use of the Body in Relation to the Mind , New York : Harper & Bros. .
  • Mosher , Eliza M. 1893 . “ ‘The Influence of Habitual Posture on the Symmetry and Health of the Body’ ” . In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, 1892 , 116 – 133 . Springfield , MA : Press of the Springfield Printing and Binding Co. .
  • Mrozek , Donald . 1983 . Sport and American Mentality: 1880–1910 , Knoxville , TN : University of Tennessee Press .
  • Norton , B. J. 1973 . ‘The Biometric Defense of Darwinism’ . Journal of the History of Biology , 6 : 290 – 293 .
  • O'Shea , M. V. 1904 . ‘The Relation of Physical Training to Mental Activity’ . American Physical Education Review , 9 March : 28 – 35 .
  • Ospovat , Dov . 1980 . ‘God and Natural Selection: The Darwinian Idea of Design’ . Journal of the History of Biology , 13 : 169 – 194 .
  • Park , Roberta J. 1974 . ‘Harmony and Cooperation: Attitudes Toward Physical Education and Recreation in Utopian Social Thought and American Communitarian Experiments, 1825–1865’ . Research Quarterly , 45 Oct. : 276 – 292 .
  • Park , Roberta J. 1978 . ‘“Embodied Selves”: The Rise and Development of Concern for Physical Education, Active Games and Recreation for American Women, 1776–1865’ . Journal of Sport History , 5 Summer : 5 – 41 .
  • Park , Roberta J. 1 June 1979 . “ ‘Action as Moral Necessity: Vigorous Health and ‘Wholesome’ Sport, 1825–1915’ ” . 1 June , Seward Staley Address at the North American Society for Sport History, University of Texas at Austin .
  • Park , Roberta J. 1980 . ‘The Research Quarterly and its Antecedents’ . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 57 March : 1 – 22 .
  • Park , Roberta J. 1983 . ‘Morality Embodied: The College Athlete and American Views of Right Action and Success, 1870–1900’ . The University's Role in the Development of Modern Sport: Past, Present and Future, Proceedings of the FISU Conference-Universiade '83 – 10th HISPA Congress, Edmonton . 1983 . pp. 328 – 341 .
  • Pearce , Richard M. 1913 . Medical Research and Education , New York : The Science Press .
  • Porter , William T. 1894 . ‘The Growth of St. Louis Children’ . Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis , 6 14 April : 263 – 374 .
  • Posse , Baron N. 1894 . The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics , Boston , MA : Lee & Shepard .
  • 1885 . Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Brooklyn, 1885 , Brooklyn , NY : Rome Brothers .
  • 1886 . Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Brooklyn, 1886 , Brooklyn , NY : Rome Brothers .
  • 1891 . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Boston, 1891 , Ithaca , NY : Andrus and Church .
  • Richards , E. L. ‘The Physical Element in Education’ . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, New York, 1895 . pp. 143 – 149 . Concord , NH : Republican Press Association .
  • Roberts , Charles . 1878 . A Manual of Anthropometry: Or a Guide to the Physical Examination and Measurement of the Human Body , London : J. & A. Churchill .
  • Rosenberg , Charles E. 1976 . No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Rothstein , William G. 1972 . American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Royce , Charles S. 1867 . “ ‘Physical Culture and Development’ ” . In New Family Physician: Or, Home Book of Health , Edited by: Gunn , John C. Cincinnati , OH : Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin .
  • Sargent , Dudley A. 1882 . Dr Sargent's System of Developing Appliances and Gymnastic Apparatus , Cambridge , MA : John Ford & Sons .
  • Sargent , Dudley A. 1886 . Handbook of Developing Exercises , Boston , MA : Rand, Avery & Co. .
  • Sargent , Dudley A. 1887 . ‘The Physical Characteristics of the Athlete’ . Scribner's , 2 Nov. : 541 – 561 .
  • Sargent , Dudley A. 1887 . ‘The Physical Proportions of the Typical Man’ . Scribner's , 2 July : 3 – 17 .
  • Sargent , Dudley A. 1889 . ‘The Physical Development of Women’ . Scribner's , 5 Feb. : 172 – 185 .
  • Scripture , E. W. 1894 . “ ‘Reaction-time and Time-memory in Gymnastic Work’ ” . In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, Chicago, 1893 , 44 – 49 . New Haven , CT : Clarence H. Ryder .
  • Shortt , S. E.D. 1983 . ‘Physicians, Science, and Status: Issues in the Professionalization of Anglo-American Medicine in the Nineteenth Century’ . Medical History , 27 Jan. : 57 – 68 .
  • Skarstrom , William . 1909 . Gymnastic Kinesiology: A Manual of the Mechanics of Gymnastic Movements , Springfield , MA : American Physical Education Association .
  • Smith , J. Gardner . 1889 . “ ‘The Use of the Sphygmograph in the Physical Examination of Gymnastic Workers and Others’ ” . In Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, New York , 36 – 46 . New Haven : L.S. Punderson & Son .
  • Smith , Southward . 1865 . The Philosophy of Health; or An Exposition of the Physiological and Sanitary Conditions Conducive to Human Longevity and Happiness , London : Longman .
  • Stocking , George W. Jr. 1982 . Race, Culture and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Storey , Thomas A. 1902 . ‘The Daily Variation in the Power of Voluntary Muscular Contraction’ . American Physical Education Review , 7 Dec. : 188 – 211 .
  • Tanner , J. M. 1981 . A History of the Study of Human Growth , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Trall , R. T. 1857 . The Illustrated Family Gymnasium , New York : Samuel R. Wells .
  • Turner , Frank M. 1978 . ‘The Victorian Conflict Between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension’ . Isis , 69 Sept. : 360
  • Wacker , Hazel Marie . 1959 . “ ‘The History of the Private Single-Purpose Institutions which Prepared Teachers of Physical Education in the United States of America from 1861 to 1958’ ” . New York University . EdD diss
  • Walters , Ronald G. 1978 . American Reformers: 1815–1860 , New York : Hill and Wang .
  • Warner , John H. 1980 . “ ‘Physiology’ ” . In The Education of American Physicians , Edited by: Numbers , Ronald L. 48 – 71 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
  • Welch , J. Edmund . 1966 . Edward Hitchcock, MD: Founder of Physical Education in the College Curriculum , Greenville , NC : East Carolina College .
  • Wey , Hamilton D. 1888 . ‘Physical and Industrial Training of Criminals’ . Monographs of the Industrial Education Association , 1 : 5 – 7 .
  • Whorton , James C. 1982 . Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Young , Robert M. 1968 . ‘The Functions of the Brain: Gall to Ferrier (1808–1886)’ . Isis , 59 Fall : 251 – 268 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.