Prolegomena to Jesse Owens: American Ideas About Race and Olympic Races from the 1890s to the 1920s

References

• Abrahams , Roger . 1992 . Singing the Master: The Emergence of African-American Culture in the Plantation South , New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Arnesen , Eric . 1990 . Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , William J. 1986 . Jesse Owens: An American Life , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bale , John . 1986 . ‘Sport and National Identity: A Geographical View’ . British Journal of Sports History , 3 May : 18 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Banton , Michael . 1987 . Racial Theories , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barkin , Elazar . 1992 . The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benedict , Ruth . 1940 . Race: Science and Politics , New York : Modern Age Books .
   Google Scholar
• Berlin , Ira . 1998 . Many Thousands Gone: The First Centuries of Slavery in North America , Cambridge , MA : Belknap .
   Google Scholar
• Boas , Franz . 1940 . Race, Language and Culture , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Bowler , Peter J. 1984 . Evolution: The History of an Idea , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , Lew . 1989 . ‘Giant Patagonians and Hairy Ainu: Anthropology Days at the 1904 St. Louis Olympics’ . Journal of American Culture , 12 Fall : 19 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , Paul A. 1968 . The Twenties in America , New York : Crowell .
   Google Scholar
• Cobb , W. Montague . 1947 . ‘Does Science Favor Negro Athletes?’ . Negro Digest , 5 May : 74 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Cobb , W. Montague . 1936 . ‘Race and Runners’ . Journal of Health and Physical Education , 7 Jan. : 3 – 7 . 52–6
   Google Scholar
• Coon , Carleton Stevens . 1962 . The Origin of Races , New York : Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Coon , Carleton Stevens . 1931 . Tribes of the Rif (Harvard African Studies series, Vol. IX) , Cambridge , MA : Peabody Museum .
   Google Scholar
• Cromwell , Dean and Wesson , Al . 1941 . Championship Techniques in Track and Field , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , Harold Eugene . 1972 . Latin American Thought: A Historical Introduction , Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Degler , Carl N. 1991 . In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Durrill , Wayne . 1990 . War of Another Kind: A Southern Community in the Great Rebellion , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyreson , Mark . 1989 . ‘Melting Pot Victories: Racial Ideas and the Olympic Games in American Culture During the Progressive Era’ . The International Journal of the History of Sport , 6 May : 49 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyreson , Mark . 1992 . ‘“America's Athletic Missionaries”: Political Performance, Olympic Spectacle and the Quest for an American National Culture, 1896–1912’ . Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies , 1 : 70 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyreson , Mark . 1993 . ‘The Playing Fields of Progress: American Athletic Nationalism and the St Louis Olympics of 1904’ . Gateway Heritage , 14 Fall : 4 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyreson , Mark . 1994 . ‘Playing for a National Identity: Sport, Ethnicity and American Political Culture’ . Proteus , 11 Fall : 39 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyreson , Mark . 1998 . Making the American Team: Sport, Culture and the Olympic Experience , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyreson , Mark . 2001 . ‘American Ideas About Race and Olympic Races from the 1890s to the 1950s: Shattering Myths or Reinforcing Scientific Racism?’ . Journal of Sport History , 28 Summer : 173 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Early , Gerald . 1994 . The Culture of Bruising: Essays on Prizefighting, Literature, and Modern American Culture , Hopewell , NJ : Ecco Press .
   Google Scholar
• Early Gerald Lure and Loathing: Essays on Race, Identity, and the Ambivalence of Assimilation New York Penguin 1993
   Google Scholar
• Early Gerald Body Language: Writers on Sport St Paul , MN Graywolf Press 1998
   Google Scholar
• Entine , Jon . 2000 . Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and Why We Are Afraid To Talk About It , New York : Public Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Frankenberg , Ruth . 1993 . White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness , Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson , George M. 1971 . The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Gates Henry Louis ‘Race’, Writing, and Difference Chicago University of Chicago Press 1986
   Google Scholar
• Gilroy , Paul . 1993 . The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , Stephen Jay . 1982 . The Mismeasure of Man , New York : W.W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Gossett , Thomas F. 1997 . Race: The History of an Idea in America , new edn , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guttmann , Allen . 1994 . Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hale , Grace Elizabeth . 1998 . Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 , New York : Pantheon .
   Google Scholar
• Hannaford , Ivan . 1996 . Race: The History of an Idea in the West , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , Edwin B. 1911 . ‘The Colored College Athlete’ . The Crisis , 2 July : 115 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Higham , John . 2000 . ‘Instead of a Sequel, Or How I Lost My Subject’ . Reviews in American History , 28 June : 327 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand , J. R. 1919 . ‘The Geography of Games: How the Sports of Nations Form a Gazetteer of the Habits and Histories of Their Peoples’ . National Geographic Magazine , 36 Aug. : 89 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoberman , John . 1997 . Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race , Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Hoberman , John . 1997 . ‘How Not to Misread Darwin's Athletes: A Response to Jeffrey Sammons’ . Journal of Sport History , 24 Fall : 389 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoxmark , Guillermo . 1925 . ‘The International Olympic Games as an Index to the Influence of Climate on Human Energy’ . Ecology , 6 July : 199 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Ellsworth . 1924 . The Character of Races , New York : Scribner's .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Ellsworth . 1915 . Civilization and Climate , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Ellsworth . 1945 . Mainsprings of Civilization , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , Matthew Frye . 1998 . Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• James , C. L.R. 1993 . Beyond a Boundary , Durham , NC : Duke University Press . [orig. pub. 1963]
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , Winthrop . 1968 . White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 , Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhl , Stefan . 1994 . The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , Thomas S. 1996 . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , 3rd edn , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , Earl . 1991 . In Their Own Interests: Race, Class, and Power in Twentieth-Century Norfolk, Virginia , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lott , Eric . 1993 . Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie , Roderick D. 1968 . On Human Ecology , Edited by: Hawley , Amos H. Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malone Dumas Dictionary of American Biography X New York Charles Scribner's Sons 1936
   Google Scholar
• Marks , Jonathan . 1995 . Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History , New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Mazumdar , Pauline M.H. 1992 . Eugenics, Human Genetics, and Human Failings: The British Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Critics in Britain , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Meade , George P. 1916 . ‘An Analytical Study of Athletic Records’ . Scientific Monthly , 2 June : 596 – 600 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , Patrick B. 1998 . ‘The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement’ . Journal of Sport History , 25 Spring : 119 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , Elmer . 1922 . ‘Racial Traits in Athletics’ . American Physical Education Review , 27 March : 93 – 99 . (April 1922): 147–52; (May 1922): 197–206
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , Philip D. 1998 . Before Cotton and Other Than Sugar: How Tobacco and Rice Shaped the World of Eighteenth-Century Slaves in British North America , Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press for the Owohundro Institute for Early American History and Culture .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , Toni . 1992 . Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Popper , Sir Karl . 1962 . Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Posse , Baroness Rose . 1910 . ‘How Physical Training Affects the Welfare of the Nation’ . American Physical Education Review , 15 Oct. : 513 – 525 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , Robert . 2000 . Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Rankin , Lesley M. and Blakey , Michael L. 1994 . ‘W. Montague Cobb (1904–1990): Physical Anthropologist, Anatomist, and Activist’ . American Anthropologist , 96 March : 74 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie , Andrew . 1998 . Marshall ‘Major’ Taylor: The Extraordinary Career of a Champion Bicycle Racer , San Francisco , CA : Bicycle Books .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , Randy . 1983 . Papa Jack: Jack Johnson and the Era of White Hopes , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roediger , David . 1999 . The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class , rev. edn , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Rydell , Robert . 1984 . All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , Jeffrey T. 1988 . Beyond the Ring: The Role of Boxing in American Society , Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sammons , Jeffrey T. 1997 . ‘A Proportional and Measured Response to the Provocation That Is Darwin's Athletes’ . Journal of Sport History , 24 Fall : 378 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Saxton , Alexander . 1990 . The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in the Nineteenth Century , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Siegfried , Andre . 1955 . America at Mid-Century , New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company . trans. Margaret Ledesert
   Google Scholar
• Sollors , Werner . 1986 . Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stabb , Martin . 1967 . In Quest of Identity: Patterns in the Spanish American Essay of Ideas, 1890–1960 , Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , Judith . 1998 . Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism , Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stepan , Nancy . 1991 . The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stepan , Nancy . 1982 . The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800–1960 , New York : Archon .
   Google Scholar
• Sundquist , Eric . 1993 . To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature , Cambridge , MA : Belknap .
   Google Scholar
• Trotter , Joe William . 1990 . Coal, Class and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915–1932 , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , William H. 1994 . The Science and Politics of Racial Research , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tunis , John R. 1941 . Democracy and Sport , New York : A.S. Barnes .
   Google Scholar
• Von Ziekursch , T. 1924 . ‘Will the “Conquering North” Win the Olympics?’ . Strength , 9 : 54 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins , David K. 1989 . ‘“Great Speed But Little Stamina:” The Historical Debate Over Black Athletic Superiority’ . Journal of Sport History , 16 Summer : 158 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins , David K. 1997 . Glory Bound: Black Athletes in a White America , Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1901 . ‘Population of the United States During the Next Ten Centuries’ . Popular Science , 58 April : 656 – 657 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1905 . The Effects of Tropical Light on White Men , New York : Rebman .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1907 . ‘Unrecognized Enemy of Panama Canal – Excessive Sunlight’ . Harper's Weekly , 51 13 April : 537
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1907 . ‘The Failure of Americans as Athletes’ . North American Review , 186 Oct. : 200 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1909 . The Expansion of Races , New York : Rebman .
   Google Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1910 . ‘Does Excessive Light Limit Tropical Plankton?’ . Science , 31 22 April : 618 – 620 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodruff , Charles E. 1912 . ‘The Relation of Pigmentation to Temperature in Deep-Sea Animals’ . Science , 35 12 April : 591 – 593 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar