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Original Articles

Visual Culture, Synthetic Memory and the Construction of National Identity

Pages 127-139 | Published online: 25 Aug 2010

References

  • Freud , Sigmund . 1961 . “ 'The Ego and the Id' (1923) ” . In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud , vol 19 , 21 London : Hogarth .
  • Mitchell , W J T . 1994 . “ 'Introduction' ” . In to the collection of essays entitled Landscape and Power , 1 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Mitchell , W J T . 1994 . “ 'Introduction' ” . In to the collection of essays entitled Landscape and Power , 2 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Walsh , Victoria . 2001 . Nigel Henderson: Parallel of Life and Art , London : Thames & Hudson .
  • Gé , Nikolai . 1871 . Peter the Great Interrogating the Tsarevich Aleksei Petrovich at Peterhof , Moscow : Tretiakov Gallery . oil on canvas, 135.7 × 173
  • Repin , Ivan . 16th November 1581 . Ivan the Terrible and His Son, Ivan. , 16th November , Moscow : Tretiakov Gallery . 1885, oil on canvas, 1996 × 254 cm
  • Sydney Moko Mead . 1997 . Maori Art on the World Scene , 171 Wellington : Ahua Design and Illustration Ltd and Matau Associates Ltd .
  • Sydney Moko Mead . 1997 . Maori Art on the World Scene , 177 Wellington : Ahua Design and Illustration Ltd and Matau Associates Ltd .
  • Alloway , Lawrence . 1959 . 'The Long Front of Culture' . Cambridge Opinion , 19 : 41 – 3 . This is not the place to go into the relation between autonomous, auratic images and the mass circulation of popular images. I refer the reader to
  • Stupples , Peter . 2001 . 'Art History as Anthropolgy' . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Art , 2 ( 1 ) : 147 – 54 .
  • Wittgenstein , Ludwig . 1958 . Philosophical Investigations , Third Edition , 199 Englewood Cliffs : Prentice-Hall . The duck/rabbit image was first introduced by Joseph Jastrow in his Fact and Fable in Psychology, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1901, and was taken up by, Part II, Section IX
  • Runciman , W G . 1999 . review of Blackmore's The Meme Machine, Oxford, 1999 . London Review of Books , 10 June : 25 There are those, like W G Runciman and Susan Blackmore, who believe that 'the ideas of heritable variation and competitive selection are the most serious game in town when it comes to explaining … the course of human socio-cultural evolution'
  • Freud , Sigmund . 1960 . “ 'Screen Memories' (1899) ” . In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud , vol 3 , 322 London : Hogarth . 'It may indeed be questioned whether we have any memories at all from our childhood: memories relating to our childhood may be all we possess. Our childhood memories show us our earliest years not as they were but as they appeared at the later periods when the memories were aroused. In these periods of arousal, the childhood memories did not … emerge; they were formed at this time. And a number of motives, with no concern for historical accuracy, had a part in forming them, as well as in the selection of the memories themselves.'
  • Silverman , Kaja . 1996 . The Threshold of the Visible World , 14 New York and London : Routledge .
  • Giddens , Anthony . 1990 . The Consequences of Modernity , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • 1991 . Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Jean and Comaroff , John . 2000 . 'Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming' . Public Culture , 12 ( 2 ) : 291 – 343 . The effects of space-time compression, the multiplicity of media delivery, the speed and volume of information flow, the effects of globalisation and international corporate capitalism on local cultures is a contested area of speculation. See
  • Jean and Comaroff , John . 2000 . 'Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming' . Public Culture , 12 ( 2 ) : 305 The effects of space-time compression, the multiplicity of media delivery, the speed and volume of information flow, the effects of globalisation and international corporate capitalism on local cultures is a contested area of speculation. See
  • Jean and Comaroff , John . 2000 . 'Millennial Capitalism: First Thoughts on a Second Coming' . Public Culture , 12 ( 2 ) : 317 The effects of space-time compression, the multiplicity of media delivery, the speed and volume of information flow, the effects of globalisation and international corporate capitalism on local cultures is a contested area of speculation. See
  • Schilder , Paul . 1950 . The Image and Appearance of the Human Body: Studies in the Constructive Energies of the Psyche , New York : International Universities Press . Whereas Schilder suggests that sensate and visual elements of any sense of self are closely integrated, Wallon, among others, maintains that they are disjunctive
  • Wallon , Henri . 1930 . Les origines du caractère chez enfant: les préludes du sentiment de personnalité , Paris : Boivin et Cie .
  • Silverman , Kaja . 1992 . Male Subjectivity at the Margins , 15 – 51 . New York and London : Routledge .
  • Burgin , Victor . 1986 . The End of Art Theory: Criticism and Postmodernity , 75 – 6 . London : Humanities Press International .
  • Laplanche , Jean and Pontalis , J-B . 1973 . The Language of Psychoanalysis , 317 New York : W W Norton .
  • Ragland-Sullivan , Ellie . 1987 . Jacques Lacan and the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis , Urbana : University of Illinois Press . This is a grossly simplified version of the Lacanian model. For a fuller discussion of the relations between the 'je' and the 'moi' in Lacan see
  • Ragland-Sullivan , Ellie . 1984 . 'Counting from 0 to 6: Lacan and the Imaginary Order' . Working Papers of the Centre for Twentieth Century Studies , Fall : 8 On an expanded view of 'the Imaginary' also see
  • 1996 . Silverman , : 183
  • 1996 . Silverman , : 134
  • Jay , Martin . 1993 . “ 'Lacan, Althusser, and the Specular Subject of Ideology' ” . In being chapter six of his Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought , 329 – 80 . Berkeley, Los Angeles and London : University of California Press . Debord, as we have seen, abhors what he sees as the consequence of this process 'in societies in which modern conditions of production prevail … whole life … presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacles. All that once was directly lived has become mere representation.' Debord, 1994, p 12. Yet Debord's famous lament is based on a romantic view of human development. When did women and men 'live directly'? And what does this phrase mean? Surely at all times of which we have any historical evidence our consciousness has been socially mediated and in no less a manner than the present. An ever changing, dynamically constructed and reflexively responded to 'society of the spectacle' has always been our mental phenomenological condition of being in the world. This paper focuses on the role of the visual. For an assessment of the 'linguistic turn' of Lacan, and a discussion of the anti-ocular aspects of Lacan's thought within a different context, see
  • Lacan , Jacques . 1978 . The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis , 74 New York and London : W W Norton .
  • 1996 . Silverman , : 175 – 9 .
  • 1988 . The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book I: Freud's Papers on Technique, 1953-54 . 1988 , Cambridge . pp. 145 Cambridge University Press . Lacan suggests that the self-image received through the mirror stage acts as a measure of what can be accepted and what needs to be excluded
  • 1976 . Life and Death of Psychoanalysis , 81 Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Laplanche elaborates on this sense of not only a bodily but also a culturally constraining boundary set up by the ego's first sense of self-identification, These ideas may be applied to the present argument, whereby our cultural self-sameness is associated with a shared sense of ego-identification
  • Freud , Sigmund . 1960 . “ 'The Psychopathology of Everyday Life' ” . In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works , vol 6 , 46 – 7 . London : Hogarth . Freud's 'conditions for remembering … of a quite special kind', and 'visual memory … preserves the type of infantile memory'
  • Howard , Richard , ed. 1981 . Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography , 28 New York : Hill & Wang . Silverman refers here to the views of Roland Barthes as explored in his
  • Kifner , John . 1994 . 'Through the Serbian Mind's Eye' . New York Times , 10 April : 1 section 4
  • Freud , Sigmund . 1960 . “ 'Beyond the Pleasure Principle' ” . In The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud , vol 18 , 42 London : Hogarth .
  • Lacan , Jacques . 1977 . Écrits: A Selection , Edited by: Sheridan , Alan . 4 New York : W W Norton . Lacan claimed that the ego's identification with a deeply inscribed specular mirage makes it the centre of all the resistances to change, Lacan's own optimism for change is based on his claim that in his topography of the unconscious the Symbolic (language) leads to a higher stage than the Imaginary, making intersubjectivity possible. See Jay, 1994, pp 350-1

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