Beyond production and consumption: using throughflows to untangle the virtual trade of externalities

References

• Amador, J., & Cabral, S. (2017). Networks of value-added trade. The World Economy, 40(7), 1291–1313. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borin, A., & Mancini, M. (2019). Measuring what matters in global value chains and value-added trade. World Bank, Washington, DC., No. 8804. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31533.
   Google Scholar
• Böhringer, C., Fischer, C., Rosendahl, K. E., & Rutherford, T. F. (2022). Potential impacts and challenges of border carbon adjustments. Nature Climate Change, 12(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01250-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzitheodorou, K., Skouloudis, A., Evangelinos, K., & Nikolaou, I. (2019). Exploring socially responsible investment perspectives: A literature mapping and an investor classification. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 19, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conference of the Parties, Adoption of the Paris Agreement. (2015). United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Costinot, A., Vogel, J., & Wang, S. (2013). An elementary theory of global supply chains. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(1), 109–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. J., Peters, G. P., & Caldeira, K. (2011). The supply chain of CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(45), 18554–18559. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107409108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dechezleprêtre, A., & Sato, M. (2017). The impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rex013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietzenbacher, E., & Lahr, M. L. (2013). Expanding EXTRACTIONS. Economic Systems Research, 25(3), 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2013.774266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietzenbacher, E., Linden, J. A. v. d., & Steenge, A. E. (1993). The regional extraction method: EC input–output comparisons. Economic Systems Research, 5(2), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535319300000017
   Google Scholar
• Dietzenbacher, E., van Burken, B., & Kondo, Y. (2019). Hypothetical extractions from a global perspective. Economic Systems Research, 31(4), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2018.1564135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2021a). “Fit for 55”: Delivering the EU’s 2030 Climate Target on the way to climate neutrality (COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS). European Commission. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0550&from=EN.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2021b). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the council on the making available on the Union market as well as export from the Union of certain commodities and products associated with deforestation and forest degradation and repealing Regulation (EU) No 995/2010. DG for Environment. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-11/COM_2021_706_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2022). Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council on prohibiting products made with forced labour on the Union market. DG Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-09/COM-2022-453_en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gallego, B., & Lenzen, M. (2005). A consistent input–output formulation of shared producer and consumer responsibility. Economic Systems Research, 17(4), 365–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535310500283492
   Google Scholar
• Godard, O., & Gorg, H. (2011). The role of global value chains for German manufacturing. SSRN Electronic Journal, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2179948
   Google Scholar
• Gütschow, J., Günther, A., Jeffery, M. L., & Gieseke, R. (2021). The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1850-2018) v2.2. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4479172.
   Google Scholar
• Gütschow, J., Jeffery, M. L., & Günther, A. (2020). PRIMAP-crf: UNFCCC CRF data in IPCC categories (PRIMAP-crf-2020-v1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4320857.
   Google Scholar
• Hanaka, T., Kagawa, S., Ono, H., & Kanemoto, K. (2017). Finding environmentally critical transmission sectors, transactions, and paths in global supply chain networks. Energy Economics, 68, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanaka, T., Kanemoto, K., & Kagawa, S. (2022). Multi-perspective structural analysis of supply chain networks. Economic Systems Research, 34(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2021.1883552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummels, D., Ishii, J., & Yi, K.-M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of International Economics, 54(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(00)00093-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, M. (2021). Climate policy and international trade – A critical appraisal of the literature. Energy Policy, 156, 112399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, M., Afionis, S., Åhman, M., Antoci, A., Arens, M., Ascensão, F., van Asselt, H., Baumert, N., Borghesi, S., Brunel, C., Caron, J., Cosbey, A., Droege, S., Evans, A., Iannucci, G., Jiborn, M., Kander, A., Kulionis, V., Levinson, A., … Willner, S. (2022). How trade policy can support the climate agenda. Science, 376(6600), 1401–1403. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo4207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, M., & Marschinski, R. (2013). Interpreting trade-related CO2 emission transfers. Nature Climate Change, 3(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, M., Ward, H., & Steckel, J. C. (2021). Sharing responsibility for trade-related emissions based on economic benefits. Global Environmental Change, 66, 102207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagawa, S., Suh, S., Hubacek, K., Wiedmann, T., Nansai, K., & Minx, J. (2015). CO2 emission clusters within global supply chain networks: Implications for climate change mitigation. Global Environmental Change, 35, 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopman, R., Powers, W., Wang, Z., & Wei, S.-J. (2010). Give credit where credit is due: Tracing value added in global production chains (No. w16426). National Bureau of Economic Research, w16426. https://doi.org/10.3386/w16426.
   Google Scholar
• Koopman, R., Wang, Z., & Wei, S.-J. (2014). Tracing value-added and double counting in gross exports. American Economic Review, 104(2), 459–494. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.2.459
   Google Scholar
• Latapí Agudelo, M. A., Jóhannsdóttir, L., & Davídsdóttir, B. (2019). A literature review of the history and evolution of corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-018-0039-y
   Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M. (2003). Environmentally important paths, linkages and key sectors in the Australian economy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 14(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(02)00025-5
   Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M., Kanemoto, K., Moran, D., & Geschke, A. (2012). Mapping the structure of the world economy. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(15), 8374–8381. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300171x
   Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Kanemoto, K., & Geschke, A. (2013). Building EORA: A global multi-region input–output database at high country and sector resolution. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), 20–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2013.769938
   Google Scholar
• Liang, S., Qu, S., & Xu, M. (2016). Betweenness-Based method to identify critical transmission sectors for supply chain environmental pressure mitigation. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(3), 1330–1337. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, S., Qu, S., Zhu, Z., Guan, D., & Xu, M. (2017). Income-Based greenhouse Gas emissions of nations. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(1), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L. (2015). A critical examination of the consumption-based accounting approach: Has the blaming of consumers gone too far? WIREs Climate Change, 6(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.325
   Google Scholar
• Los, B., & Timmer, M. (2018). Measuring bilateral exports of value added: A unified framework(No. w24896). National Bureau of Economic Research, w24896. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24896.
   Google Scholar
• Los, B., Timmer, M. P., & de Vries, G. J. (2015). How global are global value chains? A new approach to measure international fragmentation: how global are global value chains? Journal of Regional Science, 55(1), 66–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeno, K., Tokito, S., & Kagawa, S. (2022). CO2 mitigation through global supply chain restructuring. Energy Economics, 105, 105768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maluck, J., & Donner, R. V. (2015). A network of networks perspective on global trade. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0133310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, B., Peters, G. P., Wang, Z., & Li, M. (2018). Tracing CO2 emissions in global value chains. Energy Economics, 73, 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, R. E., & Blair, P. D. (2009). Input–output analysis foundations and extensions. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Misch, F. (2021). Revisiting carbon leakage. International Monetary Fund. http://elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2021/207/001.2021.issue-207-en.xml.
   Google Scholar
• Naegele, H., & Zaklan, A. (2019). Does the EU ETS cause carbon leakage in European manufacturing? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 93, 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2018.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, G. P. (2008). From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories. Ecological Economics, 65(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, G. P., Davis, S. J., & Andrew, R. (2012). A synthesis of carbon in international trade. Biogeosciences (online), 9(8), 3247–3276. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3247-2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riahi, K., Schaeffer, R., Arango, J., Calvin, K., Guivarch, C., Hasegawa, T., Jiang, K., Kriegler, E., Matthews, R., Peters, G. P., Rao, A., Robertson, S., Sebbit, A. M., Steinberger, J., Tavoni, M., & Van Vuuren, D. P. (2022). Mitigation pathways compatible with long-term goals. In P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. A. Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, & J. Malley (Eds.), IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 295–335. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.005.
   Google Scholar
• Rondoni, A., & Grasso, S. (2021). Consumers behaviour towards carbon footprint labels on food: A review of the literature and discussion of industry implications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 301(127031), 127031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai, M., & Barrett, J. (2016). Border carbon adjustments: Addressing emissions embodied in trade. Energy Policy, 92, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton, A., Guan, D., Peters, G. P., & Crawford-Brown, D. (2011). Mapping flows of embodied emissions in the global production system. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(24), 10516–10523. https://doi.org/10.1021/es202313e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, J. E., Stern, N., Duan, M., Edenhofer, O., Giraud, G., Heal, G. M., La Rovere, E. L., Morris, A., Moyer, E., Pangestu, M., Shukla, P. R., Sokona, Y., & Winkler, H. (2017). Report of the high-level commission on carbon prices. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8-W2NC-4103.
   Google Scholar
• Szyrmer, J. M. (1992). Input—output coefficients and multipliers from a total-flow perspective. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 24(7), 921–937. https://doi.org/10.1068/a240921
   Google Scholar
• Szyrmer, J., & Walker, R. (1983). Interregional total flow: A concept and application to a U.S. Input–Output Model. Review of Regional Studies, 13, 12–21.
   Google Scholar
• Tokito, S. (2018). Environmentally-targeted sectors and linkages in the global supply-chain complexity of transport equipment. Ecological Economics, 150, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokito, S., Kagawa, S., & Hanaka, T. (2022). Hypothetical extraction, betweenness centrality, and supply chain complexity. Economic Systems Research, 34(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1848807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (2015). UN General Assembly.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, H., Radebach, A., Vierhaus, I., Fügenschuh, A., & Steckel, J. C. (2017). Reducing global CO 2 emissions with the technologies we have. Resource and Energy Economics, 49, 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, T., & Lenzen, M. (2018). Environmental and social footprints of international trade. Nature Geoscience, 11(5), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0113-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, T., Schandl, H., Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Suh, S., West, J., & Kanemoto, K. (2015). The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(20), 6271–6276. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220362110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R., Neuhoff, K., Moran, D., Simas, M., Grubb, M., & Stadler, K. (2020). The structure, drivers and policy implications of the European carbon footprint. Climate Policy, 20(sup1), S39–S57. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1639489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R., Stadler, K., Simas, M., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., Lutter, S., & Tukker, A. (2018). Growth in environmental footprints and environmental impacts embodied in trade: Resource efficiency indicators from EXIOBASE3. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(3), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2022). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37455.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, H., Meng, B., Ye, J., & Li, S. (2020). Are global value chains truly global? Economic Systems Research, 32(4), 540–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2020.1783643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Guan, D., Wang, R., Meng, J., Zheng, H., Zhu, K., & Du, H. (2020). Embodied carbon emissions in the supply chains of multinational enterprises. Nature Climate Change, 10(12), 1096–1101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0895-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z., & Zhu, K. (2020). Allocating carbon responsibility: The role of spatial production fragmentation. Energy Economics, 87, 104491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., Zhu, K., & Hewings, G. J. D. (2017). The effects of border-crossing frequencies associated with carbon footprints on border carbon adjustments. Energy Economics, 65, 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar