Effect of statins and aspirin alone and in combination on clinical outcome in dyslipidaemic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the GREACE study

References

• Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994;344:1383–1389.
   Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR. Braunwald E; for the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. New Engl J Med 1996;335:1001–1009.
   Google Scholar
• Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. New Engl J Med 1998;339:1349–1357.
   Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. Br Med J 2002;324:71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Br Med J 1994;308:81–106.
   Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, Athyrou VV, Symeonidis AN, Basayannis EO, Demitriadis DS, Kontopoulos AG. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goals versus usual care in secondary Coronary Heart Disease prevention: The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18:220–228.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Didangelos TP, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, Mikhailidis DP. GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Early benefit from structured care with atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus: A subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Angiology 2003;54:679–690.
   Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, Elisaf M. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: A subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Eval-uation (GREACE) Study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Papageorgiou AA, Symeonidis AN, Pehlivanidis AN, Bouloukos VI, Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP. GREACE Study Collaborative Group. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: A subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:589–599.
   Google Scholar
• Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). J Am Med Assoc 2001;285:2486–2497.
   Google Scholar
• Hennekens CH, Sacks FM, Tonkin A, Jukema JW, Byington RP, Pitt B, Berry DA, Berry SM, Ford NF, Walker AJ, Natarajan K, Sheng-Lin C, Fiedorek FT, Belder R. Additive benefits of pravastatin and aspirin to decrease risks of cardiovascular disease: randomized and observational com-parisons of secondary prevention trials and their meta-analyses. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. The effects of lipid-regulating therapy on haemostatic parameters. Curr Pharm Des 2003;9:2425–2443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczeklik A, Musial J, Undas A, Swadzba J, Gora PF, Piwowarska W, Duplaga M. Inhibition of thrombin genera-tion by aspirin is blunted in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:948–954.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Lowe GD. Effects of lipids and lipoproteins on thrombosis and rheology. Atherosclerosis 1998;140:171–180.
   Google Scholar
• Fuster V, Dyken ML, Vokonas PS, Hennekens C. Aspirin as a therapeutic agent in cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1993;87:659–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peripheral Arterial Diseases Antiplatelet Consensus Group. Antiplatelet therapy in peripheral arterial disease. Consensus statement. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;26:1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson PD, Moyna NM, White CM, Weber KM, Giri S, Waters DD. The effects of hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl co-enzyme A reductase inhibitors on platelet thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:301–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiara S, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Early vascular benefits of statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:540–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma LP, Nie DN, Hsu SX, Yin SM, Xu LZ, Nunes JV.Inhibition of platelet aggregation and expression of a granule membrane protein 140 and thromboxane B2 with pravastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemia. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 2002;13:23–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacoste L, Lam JY, Hung J, Letchacovski G, Solymoss CB, Waters D. Hyperlipidemia and coronary disease. Correction of the increased thrombogenic potential with cholesterol reduction. Circulation 1995;92:3172–177.
   Google Scholar
• Puccetti L, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, Bova G, Cercignami M, Palazzuoli A, Angori P, Auteri A, Bruni F. Time-dependent effect of statins on platelet function in hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2002;32:901–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musial J, Undas A, Undas R, Brozek J, Szczeklik A. Treatment with simvastatin and low-dose aspirin depresses thrombin generation in patients with coronary heart disease and borderline-high cholesterol levels. Thromb Haemost 2001;85:221–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puccetti L, Bruni F, Bova G, Cercignani M, Palazzuoli A, Console E, Auteri A, Pasqui AL. Effect of diet and treatment with statins on platelet-dependent thrombin generation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001;11:378–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipollone F, Mezzetti A, Porreca E, Di Febbo C, Nutini M, Fazia M, Falco A, Cuccurullo F, Davi G. Association between enhanced soluble CD40L and prothrombotic state in hyper-cholesterolemia: effects of statin therapy. Circulation 2002;106:399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlichs CD, John S, Schmeisser A, Eskafi S, Stumpf C, Karl M, Goppelt-Struebe M, Schmieder R, Daniel WG. Upregulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2001;104:2395–2400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang YS, Tsai WC, Lu YH, Lin CC, Chen YF. Effect of atorvastatin on the expression of CD40 ligand and P-selectin on platelets in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:364–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinlay S, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Rifai N, Sasiela WJ, Szarek M, Ganz P, Libby P. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effect of atorvastatin on risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after an acute coronary syndrome associated with high soluble CD40 ligand in the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study. Circulation 2004;110:386–391.
   Google Scholar
• Puccetti L, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, Bova G, Di Renzo M, Leo A, Cercignani M, Palazzuoli A, Auteri A, Bruni F. Platelet hyperactivity after statin treatment discontinuation. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:476–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiman B, Hamsten A. The firinolytic enzyme system and its role in the etiology of thromboembolic disease. Semin Thromb Haemost 1990;16:207–212.
   Google Scholar
• Bruni F, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, Bova G, Di Renzo M, Cercigani M, Leo A, Auteri A, Puccetti L. Effect of atorvastatin on different fibrinolyis mechanisms in hyper-cholesterolemic subjects. Int J Cardiol 2004;95:269–274.
   Google Scholar
• Atalar E, Ozmen F, Haznedaroglu I, Acil T, Ozer N, Ovunc K, Aksoyek S, Kes S. Effects of short-term atorvastatin treatment on global fibrinolytic capacity, and sL-selectin and sFas levels in hyperlipidemic patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2002;84:227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillinger M, Exner M, Mlekusch W, Amighi J, Sabeti S, Muellner M, Rumpold H, Wagner O, Minar E. Statin therapy improves cardiovascular outcome of patients with peripheral artery disease. Eur Heart J 2004;25:742–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hognestad A, Aukrust P, Wergeland R, Stokke O, Gullestad L, Semb AG, Holm T, Andreassen AK, Kjekshus JK. Effects of conventional and aggressive statin treatment on markers of endothelial function and inflammation. Clin Cardiol 2004;27:199–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balk EM, Lau J, Goudas LC, Jordan HS, Kupelnick B, Kim LU, Karas RH. Effects of statins on nonlipid serum markers associated with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:670–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudevenos JA, Bairaktari ET, Chatzidimou KG, Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoprotein (a) and plasma fibrinogen levels in primary dyslipidaemia – a pilot study involving serial sampling. Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16:269–275.
   Google Scholar
• Nair D, Papadakis JA, Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP, Winder AF. Statins and fibrinogen. Lancet 1998;351:1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milionis HJ, Daskalopoulou SS, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. The predictive value of lipid markers in vascular disease. Curr Pharm Design 2004;in press.
   Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, Bouloukos VI, Pehlivanidis AN, Symeonidis AN, Elisaf M. Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease. J Hum Hypertens 2004;(July 1):[Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Stafford RS. Aspirin use is low among United States outpatients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000; 101: 1097–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson TA. The undertreatment of LDL-cholesterol: addres-sing the challenge. Int J Cardiol 2000;74(Suppl 1):S23–28.
   Google Scholar
• EUROASPIRE I and II Group, Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. Lancet 2001;357:995–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EUROASPIRE II Study Group. Lifestyle and risk factor management and use of drug therapies in coronary patients from 15 countries; principal results from EUROASPIRE II Euro Heart Survey Programme. Eur Heart J 2001;22:554– 572.
   Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M. Undertreatment of dyslipidaemia in Greece. Atherosclerosis 2004; in press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw PJ, Jamrozik K, Gilfillan I, Thompson PL. Preventing recurrent events long term after coronary artery bypass graft: suboptimal use of medications in a population study. Am Heart J 2004;147:1047–1053.
   Google Scholar