Human Security and the Construction of Security

References

• Suhrke , Astri . 1999 . “Human Security and the Interests of States” . Security Dialogue , 30 ( 3 ) : 265 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , George . 1995 . “An Ethical Basis for Achieving Global Human Security” . Development , 3 : 56 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein , Peter . 1996 . “Introduction” . In The Culture of National Security , Edited by: Katzenstein , P. New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• SKm , R. 1993 . “Turkey, Syria, Iraq: The Euphrates” . In Culture and Negotiation: The Resolution of Water Disputes , Edited by: Faure , G. and Rubin , J. Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Carley , P. 1996 . “Turkey's Place in the World” . In Reluctant Neighbour: Turkey's Role in the Middle East , Edited by: Barkey , H. 4 – 8 . Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Kalpakian , Jack . 1999 . “History, Identity and Water Disputes: The Case of the Tigris-Euphrates” . Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference . February 16-20 1999 , Washington, DC . available
   Google Scholar
• Muftuler , M. 1995 . “Turkey in the Middle East: In Search of a New Role' . Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference . 1995 , Chicago .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , G. , Lesser , I. , Henze , P. and Brown , J. 1993 . Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China , Boulder : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• 1999 . “Human Rights in Turkey: Rotten, But Getting Less So” . The Economist , 27 February : 52 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Aral , Berdal . 2001 . “Turkish Political Culture v. the Ideology of Human Rights” . Paper presented at the Rethinking Humanitarianism Conference . September 14-16 2001 , Brisbane , Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Lipschutz , Ronnie . 1995 . “On Security” . In On Security , Edited by: Lipschutz . 9 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , Ken . 1991 . “Security and Emancipation” . Review of International Studies , 17 : 317 A counterpoint to this argument is made by Booth, who argues that if we cannot name an alternative security formulation, we cannot reasonably hope to achieve an alternative practice of security
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , Keith . 1995 . “Global Prospects for Development and Human Security” . Canadian Journal of Development Studies , 16 ( 3 ) : 361 Thakur, op. dt., pp. 54-55; MacLean, op. cit.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldemberg , José and Durham , Eunice Ribeiro . 1990 . “Amazonia and National Sovereignty” . International Environmental Affairs , 2 ( 1 ) : 22 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• de Oliveira Filho , João Pacheco . 1990 . “Frontier Security and the New Indigenism: Nature and the Origins of the Calha Norte Project” . In The Future of Amazonia: Destruction or Sustainabk Development? , Edited by: Goodman , D. and Hall , A. London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Hecht , Susanna and Cockburn , Alexander . 1989 . The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers and Defenders of the Amazon , London : Verso . ch. 6
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa , Luiz . 2000 . The Brazilian Amazon Rainforest: Global Ecopolitics, Development, and Democracy , Lanham , MD : University Press of America .
   Google Scholar
• Kolk , Ans . 1996 . Forests in International Environmental Politics: International Organisations, NGOs and the Brazilian Amazon , 106 – 107 . Utrecht : International Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , Karl . 1992 . “The Green Movement in Brazil” . Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change , : 183
   Google Scholar
• 1989 . “Brazil and the Amazon: It's our Forest to Burn if we Want to” . The Economist , 11 March : 46 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Huysmans , Jeff . 1998 . “Security! What do you Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier” . European Journal of International Relations , 4 ( 2 ) : 232 – 234 . Dalby, op. cit., ch. 9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon , Michael . 1996 . Politics of Security , 16 London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , Michael . 1998 . “Identity and the Politics of Security” . European Journal of International Relations , 4 ( 2 ) : 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause and Williams . “From Strategy to Security” . 36 – 43 . op. at.
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods” . Mershon International Studies Review , 40 : 229 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , Michael . 1993 . “Politics as Government and Politics as Security” . In New Perspectives on Security , Edited by: Clarke . London : Brassey's .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R.B.J. “The Subject of Security” . Edited by: Krause and Williams . Karin Fierke, “Changing Worlds of Security”, in Krause and Williams (eds.), op. cit., op. cit. Michael Dillon, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Potter , Evan H. 1999 . “Niche Diplomacy as Canadian Foreign Policy” . International Journal , 52 ( 1 ) : 25 – 38 . Suhrke, op. at., pp. 265-267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , Anthony . 2002 . “Aporias of Security” . On this point, (forthcoming,); Fierke, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , Matthew . 2000 . “Car Culture and Global Environmental Politics” . Review of International Studies , 26 : 253 – 270 . On the relationship between political economy and environmental change
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarin , Julian . 1996 . “International Relations, Social Ecology and the Globalisation of Environmental Change” . In Environment and International Relations: Theories and Processes , Edited by: Imber , M. and Vogler , J. 77 – 98 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• UNDP . 1994 . Human Development Report 1994 , New York : Oxford University Press . dl. 2
   Google Scholar
• Newman , Edward . 2001 . “Human Security and Constructivism” . International Studies Perspectives , 2 : 242 – 247 . This point is made
   Google Scholar
• Thakur , Ramesh . 1997 . “From National to Human Security” . In AsiaPacific Security: The Economics-political Nexus , Edited by: Hams , S. and Mack , A. 53 St Leonards : Alien & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• George MacLean, “The United Nations and the New Security Agenda”, available: (accessed July 1999).
   Google Scholar
• April 1999 . Canada, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Human Security: Safety for People in a Changing World , April , 5 Ottawa : DFAIT .
   Google Scholar
• Boer , Leen and Koekkoek , Ad . 1994 . “Development and Human Security” . Third World Quarterly , 15 ( 2 ) : 519 – 522 .
   Google Scholar
• Tow , William . 2000 . “Introduction' ” . In Asia's Emerging Regional Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security , Edited by: Tow , W. , Thakur , R and Hyun , I. 3 – 5 . Tokyo : UN University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buzan , Barry . 1983 . People, States, and fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations , 19 Hemel Hempstead : Harvester Wheatsheaf . In terms of more general problems of security focusing on the individual
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Steve . 1999 . “The Increasing Insecurity of Security Studies: Conceptualizing Security in the Last Twenty Years” . Contemporary Security Policy , 20 ( 3 ) : 75
   Google Scholar
• Krause , Keith and Williams , Michael . 1996 . “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods” . Mershon International Studies Review , 40 : 232
   Google Scholar
• Mather , Alexander S. 1990 . Global Forest Resources , 250 – 252 . London : Belhaven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fearnside , Philip M. 1990 . “Environmental Destruction in the Brazilian Amazon” . In The Future of Amazonia: Destruction or Sustainable Development , Edited by: Goodman , D. and Hall , A. 201 – 202 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Krause , Keith and Williams , Michael . 1997 . “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies” . In Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases , Edited by: Krause , K. and Williams , M. 46 Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dalby , Simon . 2002 . “ Environmental Security: The Geopolitics of Colonising Nature ” . forthcoming
   Google Scholar
• Sheikhmons , Omar . 1994 . “The Kuidish Question” . In Building Peace in the Middle East: Challenges for States and Civil Society , Edited by: Boulding , E. Boulder : Lyrtne Reinner .
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International, Annual Report, 1999: Turkey, available: (accessed February 2000).
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , David A. 1997 . “The Concept of Security” . Review of International Studies , 23 : 13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutimer , David . 1999 . “Beyond Strategy: Critical Thinking and the New Security Studies” . In Contemporary Security and Strategy , Edited by: Snyder , C. 83 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , Richard Wyn . 1999 . Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory , 114 – 115 . Boulder : Lynne Reinner . Krause and Williams, “From Strategy to Security”, op. cit., pp. 46-47
   Google Scholar
• Burke , Anthony . 2001 . “Caught Between National and Human Security: Knowledge and Power in Post-crisis Asia” . Pacifica Review , 13 ( 3 ) : 222
   Google Scholar
• Venter , Al J. 1998 . “The Oldest Threat: Water in the Middle East” . Jane's Intelligence Review , 10 ( 2 ) : 23
   Google Scholar
• Nando.net, “Iraq to Turkey: Leave Our Damn Rivers Alone”, 17 November 1997, available : .
   Google Scholar
• Kubba , Laith . 1994 . “Human Rights, Sanctions and Sovereignty” . In Iraq since the Gulf War: Prospects for Democracy , Edited by: Hazelton , Fran . London : Zed Books . Indeed, whilst arguing that international sanctions against Iraq have affected detrimentally the quality of life of its citizens, the government of that state has not used allocated resources from oil to redress problems in health or education. On this point
   Google Scholar
• Potter , Evan H. 1997 . “Niche Diplomacy as Canadian Foreign Policy” . International Journal , 52 ( 1 ) : 25 – 38 . Suhrke, op. cit., pp. 265-267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jockei , Joe and Sokolsky , Joel . 2001 . “Lloyd Axworthy's Legacy: Human Security and the Rescue of Canadian Defence Policy” . International Journal , 56 ( 1 ) : 17 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , Woosang , Hyun , In-Taek , Tow , Thakur and Hyun . “Toward a New Concept of Security: Human Security in World Politics” . 40 – 41 . William T. Tow and Russell Trood, “Linkages between Traditional and Human Security”, in Tow, Thakur and Hyun (eds.), op. cit., p. 14, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Ullman , Richard . 1983 . “Redefining Security” . International Security , 8 ( 1 ) : 129 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , Norman . 1989 . “Environment and Security” . Foreign Policy , 74 Spring : 23 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathews , Jessica Tuchman . 1989 . “Redefining Security” . Foreign Affairs , 68 ( 2 ) : 162 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deudney , Daniel . 1990 . “The Case against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security” . Millennium , 19 ( 3 ) : 461 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , Marc . 1995 . “Is the Environment a National Security Issuer, International Security . 20 ( 2 ) : 35 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Keohane , Robert . 1988 . “International Institutions: Two Approaches” . International Studies Quarterly , 32 : 379 – 396 . Those opposed to alternative conceptions of security (such as Human Security, Critical Security, feminist or environmental security) have often been critical of these approaches on the basis of their lack of consistency with the practical world of international politics, or their inability to be feasibly implemented. For example
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walt , Steven . 1991 . “Rennaissance of Security Studies” . International Studies Quarterly , 35 (although not engaging specifically with security, or with prescriptive approaches to international politics, this paper is nonetheless relevant given its dismissal of non-rationalist approaches on the basis of their lack of consistency with the “reality” of world politics); Deudney, op. cit., pp. 461-465; M. Levy, op. at., p. 36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost , Mervyn . 1998 . “A Turn Not Taken: Ethics in IR at the Millennium” . Review of International Studies , 24 (special issue) : 119 – 132 . Wyn Jones, op. cit., pp. 76-78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FaIk , Richard . “The Challenge of Genocide and Genocidal Politics in an Era of Globalisation” . Edited by: Dunne and Wheeler . 177 – 194 . op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Human Wrongs and International Relations” . International Affairs , 71 ( 1 ) : 103 – 126 . On this point, see Ken Booth, op. cit.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1995 . “Message in a Bottle? Theory and Praxis in Critical Security Studies” . Contemporary Security Policy , 16 ( 3 ) David Mutimer, “Reimagining Security: The Metaphors of Proliferation”, and R.B.J. Walker, “The Subject of Security”, both in Krause and Williams (eds.), op. cit.; Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies”, op. cit.; Richard Wyn Jones, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Dalby , Simon . 1992 . “Security, Modernity, Ecology: The Dilemmas of Post-Cold War Security Discourse” . Alternatives , 17 Winter
   Google Scholar
• Cox , Robert . 1981 . “Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory” . Millennium , 10 Summer as related to International Relations theory generally
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , C. 1991 . “Governmental Rationality: An Introduction” . In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Govemmentality , Edited by: Burchell , G. , Gordon , C. and Miller , P. 20 London : Harvester Wheatsheaf . This conception of the security-political legitimacy of states relationship is noted by Huysmans, op. cit., p. 238; Buzan, op. cit. (particularly in the context of his delineation between strong and weak states)
   Google Scholar
• Burke , Anthony . 2002 . In fear of Security: Australia's Invasion Anxiety , Sydney : Pluto Press . This position by the Australian government was most notably represented in the stand-off involving the MV Tampa in August-September 2001. The Tampa had rescued over 400 asylum-seekers from a sinking ferry and had attempted to take them to Australia. The Tampa was refused the right of entry to Australian waters, and SAS troops boarded the ship on the request of the Minister for Defence. During the crisis, Burke notes, the Australian government portrayed the asylum-seekers as threats to Australian security, “… speaking of the need to protect Australia's 'sovereignty', its 'territorial integrity' and 'national interests' …”
   Google Scholar
• Jones , Richard Wyn . 1999 . Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory , Boulder : Lynne Rienner . The Critical Security discourse has been particularly useful in pointing to the “insecurity of security”. For an introduction to this literature; Booth, op. cit.; Krause and Williams (eds.), Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, op. cit.
   Google Scholar
• Kaldor , Mary . 1999 . “Transnational Civil Society” . In Human Rights in Global Politics , Edited by: Dunne , T. and Wheeler , N. 202 – 207 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Of course, terrorist groups and drug traffickers are also non-state actors, and for this reason alone non-state actors are not by definition “progressive” actors. Other authors have pointed to the increasing co-option of NBAs by the state (The Economist, “NGOs' (19 January 2000), pp. 25-27), as well as the potential for states to shirk some level of responsibility to NSAs
   Google Scholar