Commercializing Cleaner New Technologies: The Case of Microturbine Generators

Notes and References

• Remmen , A. 2001 . Greening of Danish Industry—Changes in Concepts and Policies . Technology Analysis & Strategic Management , 13 ( 1 ) : 53 – 69 . Amongst others, these trends are elaborated in Also see: M.E. Porter & C. van der Linde, ‘Green and Competitive-Ending the Stalemate’, Harvard Business Review, 73, 5, September-October 1995, pp. 120–134; F.G.A. De Bakker, Product-Oriented Environmental Management (Enschede, Twente University Press, 2001); and T. Jackson, Clean Production Strategies (Boca Raton, Lewis, 1993).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison , A. 2001 . Science, Technology and the quest for sustainable development . Technology Analysis & Strategic Management , 13 ( 1 ) : 9 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abernathy , W.J. and Utterback , J.M. 1978 . Patterns of Industrial Innovation . Technology Review , 50 ( 7 ) : 41 – 47 . June-July A. Rip, ‘Introduction of New Technology: Making Use of Recent Insights from Sociology and Economics of Technology’, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 7, 4, 1995, pp. 417–431; C.M. Christensen & R.S. Rosenbloom, ‘Explaining the Attacker’s Advantage: Technological Paradigms, Organisational Dynamics, and the Value Network’, Research Policy, 24, 1995, pp. 233–257; and R. Kemp, ‘Technology and the Transition to Environmental Sustainability—The Problem of Technological Regime Shifts’, Futures, 26, 10, 1994, pp. 1023–1046.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , R. , Schot , J. and Hoogma , R. 1998 . Regime Shifts to Sustainability Through Processes of Niche Formation: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management . Technology Analysis & Strategic Management , 10 ( 2 ) : 175 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Hippel , E. 1988 . The Sources of Innovation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall , B.A. 1988 . “ Innovation as an Interactive Process: From User-Producer Interaction to the National System of Innovation ” . In Technical Change and Economic Theory , Edited by: Dosi , G. , Freeman , C. , Nelson , R. , Silverberg , G. and Soete , L. 349 – 369 . London : Pinter . in
   Google Scholar
• Rip, op. cit., Ref. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , T. 1983 . Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . A typical example of this is technology development in large technical systems such as electric power systems; see
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt , F. 1998 . Environmental Product Differentiation: Implications for Corporate Strategy . California Management Review , 40 ( 4 ) : 43 – 73 . Summer for an overview of policy instruments, see R.P. Anex, ‘Stimulating Innovation in Green Technology: Policy Alternatives and Opportunities’, American Behavioural Scientist, 44, 2, October 2000, pp. 188–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shot , J. 2001 . Towards New Forms of Participatory Technology Development . Technology Analysis & Strategic Management , 13 ( 1 ) : 39 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Empirical data was collected during a 2-year study in 2001–2002. To validate the data, multiple information sources were sought. Open-ended and loosely structured interviews were the primary method of data collection. The character of the interviews varied depending on the situation. Often they included initial presentations of the company, technology, or installation in question with follow-up questions and discussions. In total, about 40 industrial managers, engineers, early adopters, regulators and industry specialists were approached in this manner. This source of information was also complemented with published reports and third-party evaluations, as well as data sheets and press releases from manufacturers.
   Google Scholar
• Rip, op. cit., Ref. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , S.L. 2001 . “ Microturbines ” . In Distributed Generation: A Nontechnical Guide , Edited by: Chambers , A. 33 – 71 . Tulsa : PennWell . in
   Google Scholar
• In Combined Heat and Power (CHP), the excess heat from thermal electricity generation is used to heat buildings, to produce hot water or as a useful input into industrial processes. This results in a very high utilization of the fuel, i.e. high total efficiency.
   Google Scholar
• Lenssen , N. 2001 . Microturbines Redux: After a Dismal Third Quarter, Microturbine Companies Aim for Revival . Primen Perspective , 9 : 1 – 15 . December
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, op. cit., Ref. 13.
   Google Scholar
• In a report on their Environmental Concept Car, Volvo ECC 1992 (Gothenburg, Volvo Personvagnar AB, Miljörapport 50, 1992), Volvo states that this vehicle complies with CARB’s ultra low emission vehicle requirements, but they also argue that, because of the extremely low emissions from the microturbine and because of the possibility of driving in the all-electric mode for shorter distances, vehicles with this kind of power train should be accepted as Zero Emission Vehicles.
   Google Scholar
• The lead-time for the construction of a new large power plant is at least two years. Small generators, such as microturbines, can be put into operation within a few months.
   Google Scholar
• Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market (Brussels, Commission of the European Communities, COM (2002) 415, 2002).
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . Strategic Plan for Distributed Energy Resources U.S. Department of Energy, September
   Google Scholar
• For example, diesel engine generators are allowed to operate for a maximum of only 200 hours per year in the Los Angeles area. This rules out this technology as an alternative for CHP applications.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, op. cit., Ref. 8.
   Google Scholar
• Embedded Generation Working Group . 2001 . Report Into Network Access Issues (U.K. Department of Trade and Industry, January)
   Google Scholar
• For example, in March 2001 the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD), the organization that regulates air pollution sources in the Los Angeles area, designated US / 1,800,000 from a penalty settlement fund to assist in the purchase and installation of microturbine generators.
   Google Scholar
• There is one exception: direct utilization of the exhaust gases. For example, the exhaust from microturbines has been used to raise the CO2 content of the air inside greenhouses. This application requires very low emissions of polluting substances. Internal combustion engines used in similar applications have to be complemented with very advanced emission controls.
   Google Scholar
• Greene , N. and Hammerschlag , R. 2000 . Small and Clean is Beautiful: Exploring the Emissions of Distributed Generation and Pollution Prevention Policies . The Electricity Journal , 13 ( 5 ) : 50 – 60 . June
   Google Scholar
• Rip, op. cit., Ref. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R.R. and Winter , S.G. 1977 . In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovation . Research Polity , 6 : 36 – 76 . Abernathy & Utterback, op. cit., Ref. 3 and M.L. Tushman & P. Anderson, ‘Technological Discontinuities and Organisational Environments’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, 1986, pp. 439–465.
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, op. cit., Ref. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Rip, op. cit., Ref. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Jamision, op. cit., Ref. 2.3
   Google Scholar