References
- Coombs , R. , Narendran , P. and Richards , A. 1996 . A Literature-based Innovation Output Indicator . Research Policy , 25 : 403 – 413 . These data also have their problems, which are well known. R&D expenditures can be reported in varying ways by companies, and the interpretation of patents is complicated by varying propensities to patent and by varying significance of patents. There are many discussions of these issues in the literature; for a brief survey
- Patel , P. and Pavitt , K. 1991 . Large Firms in the Production of the World's Technology: An Important Case of Non-globalisation . Journal of Intonational Business Studies, , 22 : 1 – 21 . P. Patel & K. Pavitt, ‘Patterns of Technological Acdvity: Their Measurement and Interpretation’ in: P. Stoneman (Ed.), Handbook ofthe Economics cf Tichnological Change (Oxford, Blackwell, 1995); 0 . Granstrand, P. Patel & K. Pavitt, Multi-Technology Corporations: Why They Have “Distributed” Rather than “Distinctive” Core Competencies, California Managemmi Review, 39, 1997, pp. 8-25.
- Archibugi , D. and Pianta , M. 1996 . Coombs et al., op. cit., Ref. 1, review some of these issues. , Vol. 1 , Paris : OECD . Innovation Surveys and Patents as Technology Indicators, in OECD, Innovation, Patents and Technological Strafegizs
- CBI . 1996 . CBI/NatWest Innovation Trends Surway , London : CBI . Issue 7
- All factor analysis reported in this paper is principle components followed by varimax rotation
- The other analyses on different combinations of the 1996 and 1997 data can be shown to support the notion that the I996 analysis is reasonably representative. Details are available from the authors upon request.
- There is also modest evidence that the non-UK firms gain longer-term benefits from innovation. Even the questions relating to innovations up to 10 years ago show higher incidences of current gains (especially in market share and new markets) than UK-owned firms.
- Note that we have interacted the ownership variable with the three styles in these models.
- It is worth noting that this impression is not gained if only patenting behaviour is used as the indicator of innovativeness. These data are generated by question 5 on the survey, which asks about patents applied for during the year. If these patent data are used as the sole indicator of innovativeness, the service firms fall well below the manufacturing firms. By using a factor analysis of all the other questions on aspects of innovation, we have shown what we argue is a more accurate picture of the innovativeness of service firms.
- Metcalfe , S. and De Liso , N. 1998 . “ Bridging the Divide: A Capability Theory of the Finn and Evolutionary Concepts of Innovation ” . In Technological Change and Organisahon , Edited by: Coombs , R. Aldershot : Edward Elgar . See, for example, N. Foss, “Equilibrium vs Evolution in the Resource-based Perspective: The Conflicting Legacies of Demsetz and Penrose”, DRUID Working Paper 97- 10, 1997, Copenhagen Business School