A Meta-analysis on Labour Market Deregulations and Employment Performance: No Consensus Around the IMF-OECD Consensus

References

• Adams, Z., L. Bishop, and S. Deakin. 2016. CBR Labour Regulation Index (Dataset of 117 Countries). Cambridge: University of Cambridge Centre for Business Research.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, Z., B. Bishop, S. Deakin, C. Fenwick, S. M. Garzelli, and G. Rusconi. 2019. ‘The Economic Significance of Laws Relating to Employment Protection and Different Forms of Employment: Analysis of a Panel of 117 Countries, 1990–2013.’ International Labour Review 158 (1): 1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adascalitei, D., and C. Pignatti Morano. 2016. ‘Drivers and Effects of Labour Market Reforms: Evidence from a Novel Policy Compendium.’ IZA Journal of Labor Policy 5 (1): 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Addison, J. T., and J. L. Grosso. 1996. ‘Job Security Provisions Employment: Revised Estimates.’ Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 35 (4): 585–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addison, J. T., P. Teixeira, and J. L. Grosso. 2000. ‘The Effect of Dismissals Protection on Employment: More on a Vexed Theme.’ Southern Economic Journal 67 (1): 105–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amable, B., L. Demmou, and D. Gatti. 2011. ‘The Effect of Employment Protection and Product Market Regulation on Labour Market Performance: Substitution or Complementarity?’ Applied Economics 43 (4): 449–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdagic, S. 2010. ‘When Are Concerted Reforms Feasible? Explaining the Emergence of Social Pacts in Western Europe.’ Comparative Political Studies 43 (5): 628–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdagic, S. 2013. ‘Partisanship, Political Constraints, and Employment Protection Reforms in an Era of Austerity.’ European Political Science Review 5 (3): 431–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdagic, S. 2015. ‘Does Deregulation Work? Reassessing the Unemployment Effects of Employment Protection.’ British Journal of Industrial Relations 53 (1): 6–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdagic, S., and P. Salardi. 2013. ‘Tenuous Link: Labour Market Institutions and Unemployment in Advanced and New Market Economies.’ Socio-Economic Review 11 (4): 739–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala, L., R. Martínez, and J. Ruiz-Huerta. 2002. ‘Institutional Determinants of the Unemployment—Earnings Inequality Trade-off.’ Applied Economics 34 (2): 179–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccaro, L., and D. Rei. 2007. ‘Institutional Determinants of Unemployment in OECD Countries: Does the Deregulatory View Hold Water?’ International Organization 61 (3): 527–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D., A. Glyn, D. Howell, and J. Schmitt. 2005. ‘Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment: A Critical Assessment of the Cross-country Evidence.’ In Questioning Liberalization: Unemployment, Labor Markets and the Welfare State, edited by D. Howell. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barbieri, P., and G. Cutuli. 2016. ‘Employment Protection Legislation, Labour Market Dualism, and Inequality in Europe.’ European Sociological Review 32 (4): 501–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassanini, A. R., and R. Duval. 2006. ‘The Determinants of Unemployment across OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions.’ OECD Economic Studies 42 (1): 7–86.
   Google Scholar
• Bassanini, A. R., and R. Duval. 2009. ‘Unemployment, Institutions, and Reform Complementarities Re-assessing the Aggregate Evidence for OECD Countries.’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy 25 (1): 40–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassanini, A., L. Nunziata, and D. Venn. 2009. ‘Job Protection Legislation and Productivity Growth in OECD Countries.’ Economic Policy 24 (58): 349–402.
   Google Scholar
• Belot, M., and J. van Ours. 2001. ‘Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions an Empirical Analysis.’ Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 15 (4): 403–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belot, M., and J. van Ours. 2004. ‘Does the Recent Success of Some OECD Countries in Lowering their Unemployment Rates Lie in the Clever Design of their Labor Market Reforms?’ Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 621–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, J. 2015. Labour Markets, Institutions, and Inequality. Cheltenham and Geneva: Edward Elgar and ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Bertola, G. 1990. ‘Job Security, Unemployment and Wages.’ European Economic Review 34 (4): 851–886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertola, G. 2017. ‘European Unemployment Revisited: Shocks, Institutions, Integration.’ Research in Economics 71 (3): 588–612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betcherman, G. 2012. ‘Labor Market Institutions: A Review of the Literature.’ Policy Research Working Paper No. 6276. Washington DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, O. 2006. ‘European Unemployment: The Evolution of Facts and Ideas.’ Economic Policy 21 (45): 6–59.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, O., and E. Brancaccio. 2019. ‘Crisis and Revolution in Economic Theory and Policy: A Debate.’ Review of Political Economy 31 (2): 271–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, O., and P. Portugal. 2001. ‘What Hides Behind an Unemployment Rate? Comparing Portuguese and US Labor Markets.’ American Economic Review 91 (1): 187–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, O., and J. Wolfers. 2000. ‘The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: The Aggregate Evidence.’ Economic Journal 110 (462): 1–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeri, T. 1999. ‘Enforcement of Employment Security Regulations, On-The-Job Search and Unemployment Duration.’ European Economic Review 43 (1): 65–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeri, T., and B. Herbert. 2011. ‘Short-time Work Benefits Revisited: Some Lessons From the Great Recession.’ Economic Policy 26 (68): 697–765.
   Google Scholar
• Boeri, T., and J. van Ours. 2008. The Economics of Imperfect Labor Markets. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, D. H., and J. D. Stephens. 2007. ‘Employment Performance in OECD Countries: A Test of Neoliberal and Institutionalist Hypotheses.’ Comparative Political Studies 40 (12): 1486–1510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancaccio, E., and N. Garbellini. 2018. ‘Luigi Pasinetti on Disrupting Neoclassical Hegemony in Economics. An Interview.’ Institute for New Economic Thinking, March 20. https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/luigi-pasinetti-on-disrupting-neoclassical-hegemony-in-economics.
   Google Scholar
• Brancaccio, E., N. Garbellini, and R. Giammetti. 2018. ‘Structural Labour Market Reforms, GDP Growth and the Functional Distribution of Income.’ Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 44: 34–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno, R. L., and R. Rovelli. 2010. ‘Labour Market Policies and Outcomes in the Enlarged EU.’ Journal of Common Market Studies 48 (3): 661–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, N. F., and J. B. Nugent. 2015. ‘The Freeman Conjecture.’ Paper presented at IZA/World Bank Conference on Employment and Development: Technological Change and Jobs, Bonn, June, 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Checchi, D., and C. García-Peñalosa. 2008. ‘Labour Market Institutions and Income Inequality.’ Economic Policy 23 (56): 601–649.
   Google Scholar
• Ciminelli, G., R. Duval, and D. Furceri. 2018. ‘Employment Protection Deregulation and Labor Shares in Advanced Economies.’ IMF Working Paper WP/18/186. Washington, DC: IMF.
   Google Scholar
• Cingano, F., M. Leonardi, J. Messina, and G. Pica. 2008. ‘Employment Protection Legislation, Productivity and Investment: Evidence from Italy.’ Economic Journal 126 (595): 1798–1822.
   Google Scholar
• Cuestas, J. C., L. A. Gil-Alana, and K. Staehr. 2011. ‘A Further Investigation of Unemployment Persistence in European Transition Economies.’ Journal of Comparative Economics 39 (4): 514–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J., and P. Minford. 1986. ‘Germany and the European Disease.’ International Finance Discussion Papers 296. Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
   Google Scholar
• Deakin, S., J. Malmberg, and P. Sarkar. 2014. ‘How do Labour Laws Affect Unemployment and the Labour Share of National Income? The Experience of Six OECD Countries, 1970–2010.’ International Labour Review 153 (1): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Serres, A., and F. Murtin. 2014. ‘Unemployment at Risk: The Policy Determinants of Labour Market Exposure to Economic Shocks.’ Economic Policy 29 (80): 603–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Tella, R., and R. MacCulloch. 2005. ‘The Consequences of Labour Market Flexibility: Panel Evidence Based on Survey Data.’ European Economic Review 49 (5): 1225–1259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, R., G. C. Lim, and J. van Ours. 2017. ‘Revisiting the Okun Relationship.’ Applied Economics 49 (28): 2749–2765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djankov, S., and R. Ramalho. 2009. ‘Employment Laws in Developing Countries.’ Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (1): 3–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donges, J. B. 1985. ‘Chronic Unemployment in Western Europe Forever?’ World Economy 8 (4): 353–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosi, G., R. B. Freeman, M. C. Pereira, A. Roventini, and M. E. Virgillito. 2020. ‘The Impact of Deunionization on the Growth and Dispersion of Productivity and Pay.’ NBER Working Paper No. 26634.
   Google Scholar
• Duval, R., and D. Furceri. 2018. ‘The Effects of Labor and Product Market Reforms: The Role of Macroeconomic Conditions and Policies.’ IMF Economic Review 66 (1): 31–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmeskov, J., J. P. Martin, and S. Scarpetta. 1998. ‘Key Lessons for Labour Market Reforms: Evidence from OECD Countries’ Experiences.’ Swedish Economic Policy Review 5 (2): 205–252.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, M. 1988. ‘Regulation or Deregulation of the Labour Market: Policy Regimes for the Recruitment and Dismissal of Employees in the Industrialised Countries.’ European Economic Review 32 (4): 775–817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escande Varniol, M. C., S. Laulom, and E. Mazuyer. 2012. Quel Droit Social Dans Une Europe En Crise? Bruxelles: Larcier.
   Google Scholar
• Estevão, M. 2007. ‘Labor Policies to Raise Employment.’ IMF Staff Papers 54 (1): 113–138.
   Google Scholar
• Feldmann, H. 2009a. ‘The Unemployment Effects of Labor Regulation around the World.’ Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (1): 76–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann, H. 2009b. ‘The Effects of Hiring and Firing Regulation on Unemployment and Employment Evidence Based on Survey Data.’ Applied Economics 41 (19): 2389–2401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann, H. 2013. ‘The Unemployment Effect of Hiring and Firing Regulation in Developing Countries: Survey Evidence.’ Applied Economics Letters 20 (18): 1603–1607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialová, K., and O. Schneider. 2009. ‘Labor Market Institutions and their Effect on Labor Market Performance in the New EU Member Countries.’ Eastern European Economics 47 (3): 57–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiori, G., G. Nicoletti, S. Scarpetta, and F. Schiantarelli. 2012. ‘Employment Effects of Product and Labour Market Reforms: Are There Synergies?’ Economic Journal 122 (558): F79–F104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitoussi, J.-P., and F. Saraceno. 2013. ‘European Economic Governance: The Berlin–Washington Consensus.’ Cambridge Journal of Economics 37 (3): 479–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaig, G., and H. Rottmann. 2013. ‘Labour Market Institutions and Unemployment: An International Panel Data Analysis.’ Empirica 40 (4): 635–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. B. 2008. ‘Labor Market Institutions around the World.’ London: LSE CEP Discussion Paper No. 844.
   Google Scholar
• Furceri, D., and A. Mourougane. 2012. ‘‘How do Institutions Affect Structural Unemployment in Times of Crises?’ Panoeconomicus 59 (4): 393–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garibaldi, P., and P. Mauro. 2002. ‘Anatomy of Employment Growth.’ Economic Policy 17 (34): 67–114.
   Google Scholar
• Garibaldi, P., and G. L. Violante. 2005. ‘The Employment Effects of Severance Payments with Wage Rigidities.’ Economic Journal 115 (506): 799–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin, M. K. 1986. ‘Labor Market Rigidities and Unemployment: The Case of Severance Costs.’ International Finance Discussion Papers 284, Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
   Google Scholar
• Giersch, H. 1985. ‘Eurosclerosis.’ Kiel Discussion Papers 112, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW).
   Google Scholar
• Glyn, A., D. Howell, and J. Schmitt. 2006. ‘Labor Market Reforms: The Evidence does not Tell the Orthodox Tale.’ Challenge 49 (2): 5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Gregg, P., and A. Manning. 1997. ‘Skill-Biased Change, Unemployment and Wage Inequality.’ European Economic Review 41 (6): 1173–1200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, R., R. Harrison, and G. Macartney. 2007. ‘Product Market Reforms, Labour Market Institutions and Unemployment.’ Economic Journal 117 (519): C142–C166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerriero, M., and K. Sen. 2012. ‘What Determines the Share of Labour in National Income? A Cross-country Analysis.’ IZA Discussion Paper No. 6643.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J. 2007. ‘Comments on “Are Protective Labor Market Institutions at the Root of Unemployment? A Critical Review of the Evidence” by D. Howell, D., Baker, A. Glyn and J. Schmitt.’ Capitalism and Society 2 (1): 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J., and C. Pages-Serra. 2000. ‘The Cost of Job Security Regulation: Evidence from the Latin American Labor Markets.’ Journal of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association 1 (1): 109–154.
   Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V., and I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heimberger, P., J. Kapeller, and B. Schütz. 2017. ‘The NAIRU Determinants: What’s Structural about Unemployment in Europe?’ Journal of Policy Modeling 39 (5): 883–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, H., and J. R. Hendrickson. 2017. ‘Turning Pink Slips into Red Tape: The Unintended Effects of Employment Protection Legislation.’ Contemporary Economic Policy 35 (3): 421–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, D. 2005. Fighting Unemployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, D., D. Baker, A. Glyn, and J. Schmitt. 2007. ‘Are Protective Labor Market Institutions at the Root of Unemployment? A Critical Review of the Evidence.’ Capitalism and Society 2 (1): 1–73.
   Google Scholar
• IMF. 1999. ‘Chronic Unemployment in the Euro Area: Causes and Cures.’ Chapter 4 In World Economic Outlook, edited by James McEuen. Washington, DC: IMF.
   Google Scholar
• IMF. 2003. ‘Unemployment and Labor Market Institutions: Why Reforms Pay Off.’ Chapter 4 In World Economic Outlook, edited by Marina Primorac. Washington, DC: IMF.
   Google Scholar
• IMF. 2016. ‘Time for a Supply Side Boost? Macroeconomic Effects of Labor and Product Market Reforms in Advanced Economies.’ In World Economic Outlook, edited by Michael Harrup. Washington, DC: IMF.
   Google Scholar
• Jaumotte, F., and C. Osorio-Buitron. 2015. ‘Inequality and Labor Market Institutions.’ IMF Staff Discussion Note. Washington, DC: IMF.
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Rodríguez, R., and G. Russo. 2012. ‘Aggregate Employment Dynamics and (Partial) Labour Market Reforms.’ Bulletin of Economic Research 64 (3): 430–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, L. 2010. ‘Employment Protection Reforms, Employment and the Incidence of Temporary Jobs in Europe.’ Labour Economics 17 (1): 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper, J. 2016. ‘Resolving the Ambiguity: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Employment Protection on Employment and Unemployment.’ KOF Working Papers 16–405, KOF Swiss Economic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Koeniger, W. 2005. ‘Dismissal Costs and Innovation.’ Economics Letters 88 (1): 79–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazear, E. P. 1988. ‘Employment-at-Will, Job Security, and Work Incentives.’ In Employment, Unemployment, and Labour Utilization, edited by R. A. Hart. London: Unwin & Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Lazear, E. 1990. ‘Job Security Provisions and Employment.’ Quarterly Journal of Economics 105 (3): 699–726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, H., and A. Muravyev. 2012. ‘Labour Market Institutions and Labour Market Performance.’ Economics of Transition 20 (2): 235–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light, R. J., and P. V. Smith. 1971. ‘Accumulating Evidence: Procedures for Resolving Contradictions Among Different Research Studies.’ Harvard Educational Review 41 (4): 429–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micco, A., and C. Pages. 2006. ‘The Economic Effects of Employment Protection: Evidence from International Industry-Level Data.’ IZA Discussion Paper no. 2433.
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, D. T. 2005. ‘Growth, Unemployment, and Labor Market Policy.’ Journal of the European Economic Association 3 (2–3): 236–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourre, G. 2006. ‘Did the Pattern of Aggregate Employment Growth Change in the Euro Area in the Late 1990s.’ Applied Economics 38 (15): 1783–1807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickell, S. 1997. ‘Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities: Europe versus North America.’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (3): 55–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickell, S., and R. Layard. 1999. ‘Labor Market Institutions and Economic Performance.’ In Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 3, edited by O. Ashenfelter, and D. Card. North-Holland: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Nickell, S., L. Nunziata, and W. Ochel. 2005. ‘Unemployment in the OECD Since the 1960s: What do we Know?’ Economic Journal 115 (500): 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunziata, L. 2003. ‘Labour Market Institutions and the Cyclical Dynamics of Employment.’ Labour Economics 10 (1): 31–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nymoen, R., and V. Sparrman. 2015. ‘Equilibrium Unemployment Dynamics in a Panel of OECD Countries.’ Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 77 (2): 164–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 1994. OECD Jobs Study. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 1997. ‘Economic Performance and the Structure of Collective Bargaining.’ In OECD Employment Outlook, edited by OECD. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 1999. ‘Employment Protection and Labor Market Perfomance.’ In OECD Employment Outlook, edited by OECD. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2004. ‘Employment Protection Regulation and Labour Market Performance.’ In OECD Employment Outlook, edited by OECD. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016. ‘Short-Term Labour Market Effects of Structural Reforms: Pain before the Gain?’ In OECD Employment Outlook, edited by OECD. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2018. ‘Good Jobs for All in a Changing World of Work: The OECD Jobs Strategy.’ In OECD Employment Outlook, edited by OECD. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Papapetrou, E., and P. Tsalaporta. 2017. ‘Unemployment, Labour Market Institutions, Fiscal Imbalances and Credit Constraints: New Evidence on an Active Debate.’ Manchester School 85 (4): 466–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parisi, M. L. 2017. ‘Labor Market Rigidity, Social Policies and the Labor Share: Empirical Evidence before and after the Big Crisis.’ Economic Systems 41 (4): 492–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pissarides, C. A. 1999. ‘Policy Influences on Unemployment the European Experience.’ Scottish Journal of Political Economy 46 (4): 389–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpetta, S. 1996. ‘Assessing the Role of Labour Market Policies and Institutional Settings on Unemployment: A Cross-country Study.’ OECD Economic Studies 26 (1): 43–98.
   Google Scholar
• Scarpetta, S., and T. Tressel. 2004. ‘Boosting Productivity via Innovation and Adoption of New Technologies: Any Role for Labor Market Institutions?’ In World Bank Discussion Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Siebert, H. 1997. ‘Labor Market Rigidities: At the Root of Unemployment in Europe.’ Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (3): 37–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skedinger, P. 2010. Employment Protection Legislation. Evolution, Effects, Winners and Losers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, T. D. 2005. ‘Beyond Publication Bias.’ Journal of Economic Surveys 19 (3): 309–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, T. D., and H. Doucouliagos. 2012. Meta-Regression Analysis in Economics and Business, Vol. 5. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, T. D., and H. Doucouliagos. 2015. ‘Neither Fixed nor Random: Weighted Least Squares Meta-analysis.’ Statistics in Medicine 34 (13): 2116–2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, T. D., H. Doucouliagos, M. Giles, J. H. Heckemeyer, R. J. Johnston, P. Laroche, G. Pugh, et al. 2013. ‘Meta-analysis of Economics Research Reporting Guidelines.’ Journal of Economic Surveys 27 (2): 390–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockhammer, E., and E. Klär. 2011. ‘Capital Accumulation, Labour Market Institutions and Unemployment in the Medium Run.’ Cambridge Journal of Economics 35 (2): 437–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venn, D. 2009. ‘Legislation, Collective Bargaining and Enforcement: Updating the OECD Employment Protection Indicators.’ OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, 89.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2008. Doing Business 2008: Comparing Regulation in 178 Economies. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2013. World Development Report 2013: Jobs. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2015. Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar