Injecting equipment sharing and perception of HIV and hepatitis risk among injecting drug users in Budapest

References

• Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1980 . Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , A.L. , Rana , S. and Dehne , K.L. 1998 . HIV prevention among injecting drug users: Responses in developing and transitional countries . Public Health Report , 113 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S170 – S81 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. , Adams , N.E. and Beyer , J. 1977 . Cognitive processes mediating behavioral change . Journal of Personal Social Psychology , 35 : 125 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basen-Enquist , K. , & Parecel , G.S. (1992) Attitudes, norms and self-efficacy: A model of adolescents’ HIV-related sexual risk behavior . Health Education Quarterly 135 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , M. (1974) . The health belief model . Health Education Monographs , 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , R.E. , Mikulich-Gilbertson , S.K. , Brewster , J.T. , Salomonsen-Sautel , S. and Semerik , O. 2004 . Predictors of self-reported HIV infection among drug injectors in Ukraine . Journal of AIDS , 35 : 82 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. , Diclemente , R. and Park , T. 1992 . Predictors of condom use in sexually active adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Health , 13 : 651 – 657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehne , K.L. , Khodakevich , L. , Hamers , F.F. and Schwartlander , B. 1999 . The HIV/AIDS epidemic in eastern Europe: Recent patterns and trends and their implications for policy-making . AIDS , 13 : 741 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diclemente , R.J. , Durbin , M. , Siegel , D. , Krasnovsky , F. , Lazarus , N. and Comacho , T. 1992 . Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner-city school district . Pediatrics , 89 : 197 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elekes , Z.S. Difficulties in estimating prevalence in Budapest . 225 – 230 . (1997) . Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Estimating the prevalence of problem drug use in Europe. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction . Stimson , G V , Hickman , M , Quirk , A , Frischer , M , and Taylor , C .
   Google Scholar
• European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS . 2005 . HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe, end of year report 2004 , Saint Maurice : Institute de Veille Sanitaire .
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction . 2002 . Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway 2002 , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J.L. , Hahn , J.A. , Page-Shafer , K. , Lum , P.J. , Stein , E.S. Davidson , P.J. 2003 . Gender differences in sexual and injection risk behavior among active young injection drug users in San Francisco (the UFO Study) . Journal of Urban Health , 80 : 137 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck , R.S. , Siegal , H.A. , Wang , J. and Carlson , R.G. 1995 . Usefulness of the health belief model in predicting HIV needle-risk practices among injection drug users . AIDS Education and Prevention , 7 : 523 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , J.D. and Fisher , W.A. 2000 . “ Theoretical approaches to individual-level change in HIV risk-behavior ” . In Handbook of HIV prevention , Edited by: Peterson , J. L. and DiClemente , R. J. New York : Kluwer Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gore-Felton , C. , Somlai , A.M. , Benotsch , E.G. , Kelly , J.A. , Ostrovski , D. and Kozlov , A. 2003 . The influence of gender on factors associated with HIV transmission risk among young Russian injection drug users . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 29 : 881 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , P. , Gossop , M. , Powis , B. and Strang , J. 1993 . Reaching hidden populations of drug users by privileged access interviewers: Methodological and practical issues . Addiction , 88 : 1617 – 1626 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy , V.A. and Neaigus , A. 2005 . Marginalized and socially integrated groups of IDUs in Hungary: Potential bridges of HIV infection . Journal of Urban Health , 82 : iv101 – iv112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy , V.A. , & Neaigus , A. (2006) . The effect of personal network exposure on injecting equipment sharing among Hungarian IDUs . Connections , 15 , 29 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy , V.A. , Neaigus , A. and Számadó , S. 2003 . HIV risk-behavior history of prison inmates in Hungary . AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 : 561 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy , V.A. , Neaigus , A. , Ujhelyi , E. , Szabó , T. , & Rácz , J. (2006) . Strong HIV and hepatitis disclosure norms and frequent risk behaviors among Hungarian drug injectors . Drug Alcohol Dependence 82(Suppl. 1) .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyarmathy , V.A. , Racz , J. , Neaigus , A. and Ujhelyi , E. 2004 . The urgent need for HIV and hepatitis prevention in drug treatment programs in Hungary . AIDS Education and Prevention , 16 : 276 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamers , F.F. and Downs , A.M. 2003 . HIV in central and eastern Europe . Lancet , 361 : 1035 – 1044 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingson , R.W. , Strunin , L. , Berlin , B.M. and Heeren , T. 1990 . Beliefs about AIDS, use of alcohol and drugs, and unprotected sex among Massachusetts adolescents . Am J Public Health , 80 : 295 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosmer , D.W. and Lemeshow , S. 1989 . Applied logistic regression , John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Huo , D. , Bailey , S.L. , Garfein , R.S. and Ouellet , L.J. 2005 . Changes in the sharing of drug injection equipment among street-recruited injection drug users in Chicago, Illinois, 1994–1996 . Substance Use and Misuse , 40 : 63 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J.A. and Amirkhanian , Y.A. 2003 . The newest epidemic: A review of HIV/AIDS in central and eastern Europe . International Journal of STDs and AIDS , 14 : 361 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , J.A. , Amirkhanian , Y.A. , Kabakchieva , E. , Csepe , P. , Seal , D.W. Antonova , R. 2004 . Gender roles and HIV sexual-risk vulnerability of Roma (Gypsies) men and women in Bulgaria and Hungary: An ethnographic study . AIDS Care , 16 : 231 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkin , C.A. , Sherman , S. and Knowlton , A. 2003 . HIV prevention among drug users: Outcome of a network-oriented peer outreach intervention . Health and Psychology , 22 : 332 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikl , J. , Bruckova , M. , Jedlicka , J. , Maly , M. , Vyslouzilova , S. Douda , I. 2001 . High prevalence of HIV risk-behavior and the identification of predictors for sharing injecting materials among young drug users in Prague, Czech Republic . Central European Journal of Public Health , 9 : 228 – 235 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millson , P. , Myers , T. , Calzavara , L. , Wallace , E. , Major , C. and Degani , N. 2003 . Regional variation in HIV prevalence and risk behaviours in Ontario injection drug users . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 94 : 431 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery , S.B. , Hyde , J. , De Rosa , C.J. , Rohrbach , L.A. , Ennett , S. Harvey , S.M. 2002 . Gender differences in HIV risk-behaviors among young injectors and their social network members . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 28 : 453 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neaigus , A. 1998 . The network approach and interventions to prevent HIV among injection drug users . Public Health Report , 113 : 140 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neaigus , A. , Friedman , S.R. , Goldstein , M.F. , Ildefonso , G. , Curtis , R. and Jose , B. 1995 . Using dyadic data for a network analysis of HIV infection and risk-behaviors among injecting drug users . NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Research Monograph , 151 : 20 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Racz , J. , Ujhelyi , E. and Feher , B. 2002 . Human immunodeficiency virus-positive cases among intravenous drug users . Orvosi Hetilap , 143 : 131 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reilley , B. , Burrows , D. , Melnikov , V. , Andreeva , T. , Bije , M. and Veeken , H. 2000 . Injecting drug use and HIV in Moscow: Results of a survey . Journal of Drug Issues , 30 : 305 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , T. , Ball , A. , Stimson , G.V. , Kobyshcha , Y. , Fitch , C. Pokrovsky , V. 1999 . HIV infection associated with drug injecting in the newly independent states, eastern Europe: The social and economic context of epidemics . Addiction , 94 : 1323 – 1336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , T. , Mikhailova , L. , Sarang , A. , Lowndes , C.M. , Rylkov , A. Khutorskoy , M. 2003 . Situational factors influencing drug injecting, risk reduction and syringe exchange in Togliatti City, Russian Federation: A qualitative study of micro risk environment . Social Science and Medicine , 57 : 39 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifaneck , S. and Kaplan , C. 1995 . Keeping off, stepping on and stepping off: the steppingstone theory reevaluated in the context of the Dutch cannabis experience . Contemporary Drug Problems , 22 : 483 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• Sifaneck , S. and Neaigus , A. 2001 . The ethnographic accessing, sampling and screening of hidden populations: Heroin sniffers in New York City . Addiction Research & Theory , 9 : 519 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somlai , A.M. , Kelly , J.A. , Benotsch , E. , Gore-Felton , C. , Ostrovski , D. Mcauliffe , T. 2002 . Characteristics and predictors of HIV risk-behaviors among injection-drug-using men and women in St. Petersburg, Russia . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 : 295 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathdee , S.A. , Patrick , D.M. , Archibald , C.P. , Ofner , M. , Cornelisse , P.G. Rekart , M. 1997 . Social determinants predict needle-sharing behaviour among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada . Addiction , 92 : 1339 – 1347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strecher , V.J. , & Rosenstock , I.M. (1997) . The health belief model . In K. Glanz , F. M. Lewis , & B. K. Rimer (Eds.) Health behavior and health education—research and practice . 41 – 59 . San Francisco , , CA : Jossey-Bass Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Topolánszky , Á . (2002) . Jelentés a magyarországi kábítószerhelyzetrol ( Report on the Hunganian Drug Situation ) Budapest : GYISM, Ministry of Child, Youth and Sports .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS-World Health Organization (2000) . Hungary , in Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections – 2000 Update . Retrieved 30 July, 2001 form http://www.unaids.org/hivaidsinfo/statistics/june00/fact_sheets/pdfs/hungary.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Wallston , B.D. and Wallston , K.A. 1978 . Locus of control and health: A review of the literature . Health Education Monograph , 6 : 107 – 117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar