Women, economic hardship and the path of survival: HIV/AIDS risk behavior among women receiving HIV/AIDS treatment in Uganda

References

• Bunnell , R.E. , Ekwaru , J.P. , Solberg , P. , Wamai , N. , Bikaako-Kajura , W. Were , W. 2006 . Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda . AIDS , 20 : 85 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC . 1998 . Management of possible sexual, injecting drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV, including considerations related to antiretroviral therapy. Public Health Service Statement . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 47 ( RR-17 ), 1 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen , S. 2004 . Beyond slogans: Lessons from Uganda's experience with ABC and HIV/AIDS . Reproductive Health Matters , 12 ( 23 ) : 132 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crepaz , N. and Marks , G. 2002 . Towards and understanding of sexual risk behavior in people living with HIV: A review of social, psychological and medical findings . AIDS , 16 : 135 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decosas , J. 1996 . HIV and development . AIDS , 10 ( Suppl. 3 ) : S69 – S74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiClemente , R.J. , Wingood , G.M. , Harrington , K.F. , Lang , D.L. , Davies , S.L. , Hook , E.W. , 3rd et al. . 2004 . Efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention for African American adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 292 ( 2 ), 171 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisele , T.P. , Mathews , C. , Chopra , M. , Brown , L. , Silvestre , E. , Daries , V. , et al. , 2007 . High levels of risk behavior among people living with HIV initiating and waiting to start antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town South Africa . AIDS and Behavior , July 17 [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , H. 2007 . The invisible cure: Africa, the West, and the fight against AIDS , New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , P.E. 2003 . On suffering and structural violence: Social and economic rights in the global era . In Pathologies of power: Health, human rights and the new war on the poor (Chap. 2) . 29 – 51 Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , P.E. , Connors , M. and Simmons , J. 1996 . Women, poverty, and AIDS: Sex, drugs, and structural violence , Monroe , ME : Common Courage Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gayle , H. and Lange , J.M. 2004 . Seizing the opportunity to capitalize on the growing access to HIV treatment to expand HIV prevention . Lancet , 364 : 6 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , G.R. 2002 . How men's power over women fuels the HIV epidemic . British Medical Journal , 324 ( 7331 ) : 183 – 184 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye , D. , Mirembe , F. and Bantebya , G. 2002 . Risk factors, nature and severity of domestic violence among women attending antenatal clinic in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda . The Central African Journal of Medicine , 48 ( 5–6 ) : 64 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiguba , R. , Byakika-Tusiime , J. , Karamagi , C. , Ssali , F. , Mugyenyi , P. and Katabira , E. 2007 . Discontinuation and modification of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected Ugandans . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 45 ( 2 ) : 218 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig , M.A. , Lutalo , T. , Zhao , F. , Nalugoda , F. , Kiwanuka , N. Wabwire-Mangen , F. 2004 . Coercive sex in rural Uganda: Prevalence and associated risk factors . Social Science and Medicine , 58 ( 4 ) : 787 – 798 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzana , P.A. and Mercado , C. 2002 . Measuring household food security in poor Venezuelan households . Public Health Nutrition , 5 ( 6A ) : 851 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie , P. , Hintzen , P. and Lowe , R.A. 2004 . “ Socioeconomic obstacles to HIV prevention and treatment in developing countries: The roles of the international monetary fund and the world bank ” . In HIV & AIDS in Africa: Beyond epidemiology , Edited by: Kalipeni , E. , Craddock , S. , Oppong , J.R. and Ghosh , J. 204 – 213 . Malden , Maine : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• McGowan , J.P. , Shah , S.S. , Ganea , C.E. , Blum , S. , Ernst , J.A. Irwin , K.L. 2004 . Risk behavior for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among HIV-seropositive individuals in an urban setting . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 38 ( 1 ) : 122 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , J.W. , Rwabukwali , C.B. , Schumann , D.A. , Pearson-Marks , J. , Mukasa , R. Namande , B. 1993 . Anthropology and AIDS: The cultural context of sexual risk behavior among urban Baganda women in Kampala, Uganda . Social Science and Medicine , 36 ( 4 ) : 429 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon , T.D. , Vermund , S.H. , Tong , T.C. and Holmberg , S.D. 2001 . Opportunities to improve prevention and services for HIV-infected women in nonurban Alabama and Mississippi . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 28 ( 3 ) : 279 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Leary , A. and Jemmott , L.S. 1995 . Women at risk: Issues in the primary prevention of AIDS , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Leary , A. and Martins , P. 2000 . Structural factors affecting women's HIV risk: A life-course example . AIDS , 14 ( Suppl. 11 ) : S68 – S72 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker , R. , Easton , D. and Klein , C. 2000 . Structural barriers and facilitators in HIV prevention: A review of international research . AIDS , 14 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S22 – S32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , R. , Easton , D. and Klein , C. 2002 . “ Structural barriers and facilitators in HIV prevention: A review of international research ” . In Beyond condoms: Alternative approaches to HIV prevention , Edited by: O'Leary , A. 17 – 46 . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , M.Q. 1990 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 2nd ed , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Petersen , M.L. , Boily , M.C. and Bastos , F.I. 2006 . Assessing HIV resistance in developing countries: Brazil as a case study . Pan American Review of Public Health , 19 ( 3 ) : 146 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piot , P. , Greener , R. , & Russell , S. 2007 . Squaring the circle: AIDS, poverty, and human development . PLoS Medicine , 4 ( 10 ): 1571 – 1575 e414.doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rwabukwali , C. , Schumann , D.A. , McGrath , J.W. , Carroll-Pankhurst , C. , Mukasa , R. Nakayiwa , S. 1994 . “ Culture, sexual behavior and attitudes toward condom use among Baganda women ” . In Global AIDS policy , Edited by: Feldman , D.A. 70 – 89 . Westport , CN : Bergin & Garvey .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , J. 2005 . The impact of antiretroviral provision on HIV/AIDS prevention . MRC AIDS Bulletin , 14 ( 1 ) : 58 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , K.M. 1990 . Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases . Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America , 17 ( 4 ), 789 – 799 . Review.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumartojo , E. 2000 . Structural factors in HIV prevention: Concepts, examples, and implications for research . AIDS , 14 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S3 – S10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweat , M. and Denison , J. 1995 . Reducing HIV incidence in developing countries with structural and environmental interventions . AIDS , 9 ( Suppl. A ) : S251 – S257 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tawil , O. , Verster , A. and O'Reilly , K.R. 1995 . Enabling approaches for HIV/AIDS prevention: Can we modify the environment and minimize the risk? . AIDS , 9 ( 12 ) : 1299 – 1306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turshen , M. 1998 . “ The political ecology of AIDS in Africa ” . In The political economy of AIDS , Edited by: Singer , M. 121 – 143 . New York : Baywood .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2004 . Women and HIV/AIDS: Confronting the crisis . Retrieved April 26, 2006, from Geneva, UNAIDS web site: http://www.unaids.org
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2006 . AIDS epidemic update, December 2006 . Retrieved July 7, 2007, from Geneva, UNAIDS web site: http://www.unaids.org
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS . 2007 . Assessment report on scaling up towards universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support . Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Geneva, UNAIDS web site: http://www.unaids.org
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2005 . WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women . Geneva , , Switzerland : Publications of the World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar