Publication Cover
AIDS Care
Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV
Volume 21, 2009 - Issue 8
196
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

The relative risk of HIV among IDUs not in treatment in Malaysia

, &
Pages 984-991 | Received 04 Aug 2008, Published online: 17 Sep 2009

References

  • Anonymous . 2005 , June 27 . Islamic way for needle, condom programme (unsigned article) . The Star , p. N2 .
  • Bailey , S.L. , Huo , D. , Garfein , R.S. and Ouellet , L.J. 2003 . The use of needle exchange by young injection drug users . Journal of Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome , 34 : 67 – 70 .
  • Bluthenthal , R.N. , Anderson , R. , Flynn , N.M. and Kral , A.H. 2007 . Higher syringe coverage is associated with lower odds of HIV risk and does not increase unsafe syringe disposal among syringe exchange program clients . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 89 : 214 – 222 .
  • Booth , R.E. , Kwiatkowski , C.F. and Chitwood , D.D. 2000 . Sex related HIV risk behaviours: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 58 : 219 – 226 .
  • Chawarski , M.C. , Mazlan , M. and Schottenfeld , R.S. 2006 . Heroin dependence and HIV infection in Malaysia . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 82 ( Suppl. l.1 ) : S39 – S42 .
  • Chawarski , M.C. , Mazlan , M. and Schottenfeld , R.S. 2008 . Behavioural drug and HIV risk reduction counselling (BDRC) with abstinence-contingent take-home buprenorphine: A pilot randomized clinical trial . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 94 : 281 – 284 .
  • Cruez , F.A. 2008 , June 21 . AIDS affecting more local women . New Straits Times , p. N22 .
  • Davies , H.T.O. , Crombie , I.K. and Tavakoli , M. 1998 . When can odds ratios mislead? . British Medical Journal , 316 : 989 – 991 .
  • Fauziah , M.N. , Anita , S. , Shaari , B.N. and Rosli , B.J. 2003 . HIV associated risk behaviour among drug users at drug rehabilitation centres . Medical Journal of Malaysia , 58 : 268 – 272 .
  • Hien , N. , Giang , L. , Binh , P. , Deville , W. , Ameijden , E.J.C. and Wolffers , I. 2001 . Risk factors of HIV infection and needle sharing among injecting drug users in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam . Journal of Substance Abuse , 13 : 45 – 58 .
  • Holcomb , W.L. Jr , Chaiworapongsa , T. , Luke , D.A. and Burgdorf , K.D. 2001 . An odd measure of risk: Use and misuse of the odds ratio . Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 84 : 685 – 688 .
  • Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia . 2008 . Ringkasan Laporan HIV/AIDS Malaysia, 1986–2007 . Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Epidemiology Unit, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia. (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008. Summary Report of HIV/AIDS in Malaysia, 1986–2007, Kuala Lumpur, Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.).
  • Koester , S.K. and Hoffer , L. 1994 . “Indirect sharing”: Additional risks associated with drug injection . AIDS Public Policy Journal , 3 : 100 – 105 .
  • Kral , A.H. , Bluthenthal , R.N. , Lorvick , J. , Gee , L. , Bachetti , P. and Edlin , B.R. 2001 . Sexual transmissions of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: Risk factor analysis . Lancet , 357 : 1397 – 1401 .
  • Lau , F.T. , Feng , T. , Lin , X. , Wang , Q. and Tsui , H.Y. 2005 . Needle sharing and sex related risk behaviours among drug users in Shenzhen, a city in Guandong, southern China . AIDS Care , 17 : 166 – 181 .
  • Mahmood Nazar , M. , & Zirwatul Ahlam , Z. 2007 . Current trends of drug abuse in Malaysia: Its implications for the HIV problems . Paper presented at the WHO Workshop on drug abuse and HIV AIDS, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3rd December .
  • Mazlan , M. , Schottenfeld , R.S. and Chawarski , M.C. 2006 . New challenges and opportunities in managing substance abuse in Malaysia . Drug and Alcohol Review , 25 : 473 – 478 .
  • Mc Coy , C.B. , Metsch , L.R. , Comerford , M. , Zhao , W. , Coltes , A.J. and Messiah , S.E. 2005 . Trends of HIV risk behaviours in a cohort of injecting drug users and their sex partners in Miami, Florida, 1988–1998 . AIDS Behaviour , 9 : 187 – 199 .
  • Patrick , D.M. , Tyndall , M.W. , Cornelisse , P.G.A. , Li , K. , Sherlock , C.H. Rekart , M.L. 2001 . Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 165 : 889 – 894 .
  • Rhodes , T. , Platt , L. , Maximiva , S. , Koshkina , E. , Latishevskaya , N. , Hickman , et al. . 2006 . Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis among injecting drug users in Russia: A multi-city study . Addiction , 101 , 252 266 .
  • Schottenfeld , R.S. , Chawarski , M.C. and Mazlan , M. 2008 . Maintenance treatment with buprenorphine and naltrexone for heroin dependence in Malaysia: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Lancet , 371 : 2192 – 2200 .
  • Singh , S. and Crofts , N. 1993 . HIV infection among injecting drug users in north-east Malaysia, 1992 . AIDS Care , 5 : 273 – 281 .
  • Strathdee , S.A. , Galai , N. , Safiean , M. , Celentano , D.D. , Vlahov , D. Johnson , L. 2001 . Sex differences in risk factors for HIV seroconversion among injection drug users: A 10-year perspective . Archives of Internal Medicine , 161 : 1281 – 1288 .
  • UNGASS . 2005 . Country report: Malaysia . United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS. Retrieved June 1, 2008, from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/malaysia2006/2006_country_progress_report_malaysia_en.pdf
  • UNGASS . 2007 . Country report: Malaysia . United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS. Retrieved June 1, 2008, from http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/malaysia_2008_country_progress_report_en.pdf
  • Vicknasingam , B. and Navaratnam , V. 1999 . A behavioural study on intravenous drug use and HIV/AIDS knowledge in Malaysia . International Medical Research Journal , 3 ( 1 ) : 45 – 49 .
  • Vicknasingam , B. and Navaratnam , V. 2008 . The use of rapid assessment methodology to compliment existing national assessment and surveillance data: A study among injecting drug users in Penang, Malaysia . International Journal of Drug Policy , 19 : 90 – 93 .
  • Wood , E. , Tyndall , M.W. , Spittal , P.M. , Li , K. , Hogg , R.S. Montaner , J.S.G. 2002 . Factors associated with persistent high-risk syringe sharing in the presence of an established needle exchange programme . AIDS , 16 : 941 – 943 .
  • Yang , X. , Latkin , C. , Celentano , D. and Luo , H. 2006 . Prevalence and correlates of HIV risk behaviours among drug users in China . AIDS Behaviour , 10 : 71 – 81 .
  • Zhang , J. and Yu , K. 1998 . What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes . Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 : 1690 – 1691 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.