Sexual and physical violence against female sex workers in Kenya: a qualitative enquiry

References

• Basu , I. , Jana , S. , Rotheram-Borus , M.J. , Swendeman , D. , Lee , S.J. , Newman , P.A. , & Weiss , R. 2004 . HIV prevention among sex workers in India . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 36 3 , 845 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ca′ceres , F.C. , Aggleton , P. , & Galea , T.J. 2008 . Sexual diversity, social inclusion and HIV/AIDS . AIDS , 22 Suppl.2 , S45 S55 .
   Google Scholar
• Chersich , M.F. , Luchters , S.M.F. , Malonza , I.M. , Mwarogo , P. , King'ola , N. and Temmerman , M. 2007 . Heavy episodic drinking among Kenyan female sex workers is associated with unsafe sex, sexual violence and sexually transmitted infections . International Journal of STD & AIDS , 18 : 764 – 769 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmore-Meegan , M. , Conroy , M. , Agala , R.M. and Bernard , C. 2004 . Sex workers in Kenya, numbers of clients and associated risks: An exploratory survey . Reproductive Health Matters , 12 ( 23 ) : 50 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson , A.G. and Morris , C.N. 2007 . Mapping transactional sex on the northern corridor highway in Kenya . Health & Place , 13 : 504 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FIDA Kenya. 2008 . Documenting human rights violation of sex workers in Kenya , Nairobi : Federation of Women Lawyers .
   Google Scholar
• Fonck , K. , Kaul , R. , Kimani , J. , Keli , F. , MacDonald , K.S. , Ronald , A.R. , …  Temmerman , M. 2000 . A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of monthly azithromycin prophylaxis to prevent sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 in Kenyan sex workers: Study design and baseline findings . International Journal of STD & AIDS , 11 , 804 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geibel , S. , Luchters , S. , Kingola , N. , Esu-Williams , E. , Rinyiru , A. and Tun , W. 2008 . Factors associated with self-reported unprotected anal sex among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 35 ( 8 ) : 746 – 752 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Kenya (GOK) . 2008 . Laws of Kenya, Penal Code, chap. 63, sections 162–165. National Council for Law Reporting . Retrieved from http://www.kenyalaw.org/kenyalaw/klr_app/view_cap.php?CapID=52
   Google Scholar
• Hawken , M.P. , Melis , R.D.J ., Ngombo , D.T. , Mandaliya , K. , Ng'ang'a , L.W. , Price , J. , …  Temmerman , M. . 2002 . Part time female sex workers in a suburban community in Kenya: A vulnerable hidden population . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 78 , 271 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn , D.D. 2002 . Respondent-driven sampling II: Deriving valid estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations . Social Problems , 49 : 11 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jana , S. , Basu , I. , Rotheram-Borus , M.J. and Newman , P.A. 2004 . The Sonagachi project: A sustainable community intervention program . AIDS Education and Prevention , 16 ( 5 ) : 405 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAIS . 2007 . Kenya AIDS indicator survey . Nairobi : National AIDS and STI Control Programme, Ministry of Health Kenya .
   Google Scholar
• Kaul , R. , Kimani , J. , Nagelkerke , N.J. , Fonck , K. , Ngugi , E.N. Keli , F. 2004 . Monthly antibiotic chemoprophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and HIV-1 infection in Kenyan sex workers: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 291, 2555–2562 . AIDS , 22 : 131 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenya Demographic and Health survey . 2003 . Kenya demographic and health survey . Calverton , MD : Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) [Kenya], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Kenya], and ORC Macro .
   Google Scholar
• Kerrigan , D. , Ellen , J.M. , Moreno , L. , Rosario , S. , Katz , J. , Celentano , D.D. , & Sweat , M. . 2003 . Environmental-structural factors significantly associated with consistent condom use among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic . AIDS , 17 , 415 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerrigan , D. , Moreno , L. , Rosario , S. and Sweat , M. 2001 . Adapting the Thai 100% condom programme: Developing a culturally appropriate model for the Dominican Republic. Culture . Health & Sexuality , 3 : 221 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Kimani , J. , Kaul , R. , Nico , J.D.N. , Luo , M. , MacDonal , K.S. , Ngugi , E. , …  Plummer , F.A. . 2008 . Reduced rates of HIV acquisition during unprotected sex by Kenyan female sex workers predating population declines in HIV prevalence . AIDS , 22 , 131 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchters , S. , Chersich , M.F. , Rinyiru , A. , Barasa , M.S. , Kingola , N. , Mandaliya , K. , … Temmerman , M. . 2008 . Impact of five years of peer-mediated interventions on sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya . BMC Public Health , 8 , 143 , doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland , R.S. , Graham , S.M. , Richardson , B.A. , Peshu , B.A. , Masese , L.N. , Wanja , G.H. , …  Ndinya-Achola , J. . 2010 . Treatment with antiretroviral therapy is not associated with increased sexual risk behavior in Kenyan female sex workers . AIDS , 24 6 , 891 897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngugi , E.N. , Morris , C. , Moses , S. , Gikuni , A. , & Schwartz , U. 2004 July 11–16 . Sex work interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention and control. Legal and policy gaps – Kenya's experience . Paper presented at the XV International Conference on AIDS, Bangkok, Thailand .
   Google Scholar
• Okal , J. , Luchters , S. , Geibel , S. , Chersich , M.F. , Lango , D. and Temmerman , M. 2009 . Social context, sexual risk perceptions and stigma: HIV vulnerability among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Culture . Health & Sexuality , 11 ( 8 ) : 811 – 826 .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , M.Q. 2002 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 3rd ed. , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Plichta , S.B. 2004 . Intimate partner violence and physical health consequences: Policy and practice implications . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 19 ( 11 ) : 1296 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , T. , Simic , M. , Baros , S. , Platt , L. , & Zikic , B. 2008 . Police violence and sexual risk among female and transvestite sex workers in Serbia: Qualitative study . BMJ , 337 , a 811 , doi: 10.1136/bmj.a811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter , M.L. , Chersich , M.F. , Scorgie , F. , Luchters , S. , Temmerman , M. , & Steen , R. 2010 . Sex work and the 2010 FIFA World Cup: Time for public health imperatives to prevail . Globalization and Health , 6 , 1 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. , & Yeh , E. 2008 . Transactional sex as a response to risk in western Kenya . Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muechen.de/7405/
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , T. 2004 . A continuum of risk? The management of health, physical and emotional risks by female sex workers . Sociology of Health & Illness , 26 : 557 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwandt , M. , Morris , C. , Ferguson , A. , Ngugi , E. and Moses , S. 2006 . Anal and dry sex in commercial sex work, and relation to risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Meru, Kenya . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 82 : 392 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahmanesh , M. , Wayal , S. , Cowan , F. , Mabey , D. , Copas , A. and Patel , V. 2009 . Suicidal behavior among female sex workers in Goa, India: The silent epidemic . American Journal of Public Health , 99 ( 7 ) : 1239 – 1246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , D. 2004 . Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice , 2nd ed. , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Simonsen , J.N. , Plummer , F.A. , Ngugi , E.N. , Black , C. , Kreiss , J.K. , Gakinya , M.N. , …  Ronald , A. . 1990 . HIV infection among lower socioeconomic strata prostitutes in Nairobi . AIDS , 4 , 139 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swendeman , D. , Basu , I. , Das , S. , Jana , S. and Rotheram-Borus , M.J. 2009 . Empowering sex workers in India to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases . Social Science & Medicine , 69 : 1157 – 1166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjaden , P. and Thoennes , N. 2000 . Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey , Washington , DC : National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NCJ 183781). .
   Google Scholar
• UN Report . 2010 . Report of the special rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health . Human Rights Council, Fourteenth session Agenda item 3 . Geneva : UNHRC .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2005 . Violence against women and HIV/AIDS: Critical intersections. Violence against sex workers and HIV prevention . Geneva : Author .
   Google Scholar